Eric Erikson's identity theory

The development of a person’s personality takes place in several psychological stages. Each of them has its own characteristics, each stage is marked by a conflict specific to it. The continuity of development of our “I” remains unchanged, despite the changes that occur to us in the process of growth.

In classical psychoanalysis, according to the theory of psychosocial personality development created by Professor Erik Erikson, it is customary to distinguish eight stages: infancy, early childhood, preschool and school age, adolescence, young adulthood, maturity and old age. Let us pay attention to the accents noted in each of them.

Biography

Erickson's fate is peculiar. He was born as the result of an extramarital affair between his mother, Carla Abrahamsen, of Jewish descent, and a Danish citizen (there is no further information about Erikson's father beyond his last name). Carla Abrahamsen came from a prominent Jewish family originating from the northern German lands. Her father, Joseph, was a dried fruit merchant in Copenhagen, and her brothers Einar, Nikolai, Max and Axel were involved in charity work (including a kitchen for poor immigrants from Russia, mostly Jews). Her mother, Henrietta, died when Carla was 15 years old.

Since Carla was officially married to Valdemar Isidor Salomonsen (a stockbroker of Jewish origin), the child was recorded as Erik Salomonsen. After some time, she trained as a nurse, moved to Karlsruhe and in 1904 married pediatrician Theodor Homburger. In 1909, Erik Salomonsen became Erik Homburger, and in 1911 he was officially adopted by his stepfather. Although her husband adhered to Conservative (not Orthodox) Judaism, Carla insisted on strict adherence to Jewish ritual in the family, including kosher meals, holidays, and weekly attendance at synagogue on Fridays and Saturdays. In addition to secular education, children received Jewish education. Moreover, Karla headed the branch of the League of Jewish Charity of Baden at the local synagogue.

The issue of identity crisis has much to do with Erikson's own life experiences. Information about his biological father was hidden from him in childhood. At the Jewish religious school he was teased for his “Nordic” appearance (he was tall, blue-eyed, blond), and at the regular school for his Jewish religion. Over the years, he became increasingly tormented by the suspicion that his father was not of Jewish origin.

In 1930, Eric Homburger married Canadian dancer and artist Joan Mowat Serson and emigrated from Vienna to the United States in 1933. Somewhat later, his sisters emigrated: Ruth Hirsch settled in New York and Ellen Katz in Haifa. In the late 1930s, Erik Homburger officially changed his last name to Erikson (by adopting himself, as he explained it), while keeping his former last name as his middle name.

Erikson contrasted Freud's theory, which divided psychological development into five stages, with his own scheme, in which there were eight such stages. Erikson renamed the so-called “genital stage” “adolescence” and also added three more adult stages.

Erikson also owns the concept of “ego psychology,” emphasizing the role of the Ego as something more than the “handmaiden of the Id” (in Freudian ideas). According to Erikson, it is the Ego that is responsible for organizing life, for ensuring harmony with the physical and social environment, for healthy personal growth; it is a source of self-confidence and personal identity.

In 1950, he became a victim of the “witch hunt” (McCarthyism) in the United States, as he was suspected of communist sympathies. When Berkeley professors were required to sign a loyalty oath, Erickson left the university, after which he worked for ten years at a clinic in Massachusetts and another ten years at Harvard.

In 1970, Erickson was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction for his book Gandhi's Truth.

Is ego good or bad?

The human ego is an important component of personality structure. Without it, the existence of man as such is impossible. It does not matter whether the Ego is male or female, it helps to perceive the external world and analyze it from the point of view of importance for a person. Thanks to the inner “I”, each individual adapts to the world, finds his place and calling, and comes into contact with the people around him.

Whether it is good or bad to have your own Ego can only be discussed from the perspective of the level of development of this substance and the dominant functions it has assumed. If the world around us is perceived only as a platform for satisfying our own needs, then we can say that the Ego is developed at a weak level. A highly developed “I” strives to be part of the world, therefore it takes into account not only personal interests, but also the interests of others.

Erikson's stages of personality development

Erikson divided personality development into eight stages, during which the process of ego identity formation unfolds.

The first stage - infancy - lasts from birth to 1 year. The basic crisis is the formation of trust or distrust in the outside world. The source of energy here is hope. Alienation provokes temporary confusion.
Early childhood stage – from 1 year to 3 years. The basic crisis is the opposition of personal autonomy to doubt and shame. The source of energy is will, and alienation occurs due to distorted self-awareness.
Stage 3 to 6 years, or play age. The crisis consists of a conflict between initiative and a sense of guilt. The source of energy at this stage is the ability to formulate goals and objectives. Alienation occurs due to the rigid predetermination of the social role.
From 6 to 12 years old, the child is at the school age stage, when failure is opposed to competence. A potential source of energy for the psyche here is confidence, and alienation is provoked by stagnation of activity.
Next comes the stage of adolescence, which Erikson ranged from 12 years to 21 years. It is here that the confrontation between identity and role confusion occurs. The crisis is expressed by the question: who am I? The teenager strives for independence and wants to be free from responsibility for his life. Adolescence is the age during which the future professional development of the individual is determined, and attempts are made for the first time to build a romantic relationship.
The stage of early maturity lasts from 21 to 25 years. Here, intimate relationships are contrasted with isolation. The question at this age is: am I able to build trusting relationships with others?
The stage of middle maturity lasts from 25 to 60 years. It contrasts stagnation in action with productive life. The question that expresses the basic conflict of this age is what does my life mean? What am I going to do with it?
The eighth stage is called the late maturity stage. It involves a process that Erikson’s theory of personality development calls ego integration. The question of this period was: did my life have meaning?

Youth

20–25 years old is the beginning of adulthood. A stable attraction, love, and attachment arises. The first families are created, for a short period or for life. During this period, the need for intimate intimacy arises, and comprehensively, not only on the physical level. A person learns to build interpersonal relationships, and here it is important for him to have mutual feelings and respect in relationships. But at the same time, you need to learn to merge with your loved one without losing your identity. And if you fail to find this balance in relationships with the opposite sex, then a feeling of loneliness appears.

During this period, a person begins to question some attitudes from childhood, rethinks the image of parental figures, becomes a parent himself and often completely reconsiders his worldview and principles. Under the pressure of new professional or interpersonal experiences, self-esteem also undergoes changes. Here it is important to understand your separateness and uniqueness not only mentally, but also on a sensory level.

What is ego integration?

The feeling of ego integration represents a sense of the integrity of one's self. Children under 3 years of age do not have their own “I”; they identify themselves with the world around them.

When a person feels comfortable in the world, when the world becomes a place to satisfy all human needs, this is integration. That is, integration is the highest degree of fitness.

According to E. Erikson’s epigenetic theory of personality development, ego integration manifests itself in old age, provided that a person has learned from his own experience moments of joy and the bitterness of defeat, and has inspired others. Such a person is not afraid of death, because she managed to leave a mark behind herself (in creative achievements or her descendants), thereby gaining immortality.

Ego identity

Ego Identity
Erikson emphasized the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that a person develops through social interaction, and it becomes the “center” of the psychosocial developmental stage of personality identification and role confusion

According to Erikson, a person's ego identity is constantly changing due to new experiences and information that people gain through daily interactions with others. Personal identity provides an integrated and coherent sense of self that persists throughout a person's life. A sense of personal identity is formed through life experiences and interactions with others, and this identity helps a person guide actions, beliefs, and behavior as they age.

Epigenesis

Epigenesis is the theory that each person develops through a sequence of stages that occur in a natural, predetermined order. The stages are sequential, but they are not hierarchical. At each stage, a person is faced with a crisis or problem that is especially important at that time in life and must be resolved

A person's social environment has an extremely important influence on how each crisis is resolved, but it also does not determine the order in which the stages appear.

Erikson's stages, postulated in the epigenetic theory of social development, are associated with a crisis that must be satisfactorily resolved in order for an individual to develop qualities such as trust, autonomy and initiative, etc. While unhealthy or unsatisfactory resolutions lead to mistrust , shame and doubt, guilt, etc., which can make a person psychologically troubled.

Erik Erikson's theory of personality development among other approaches

Erik Erikson
Erikson's theory does not directly seek to achieve learning, developmental, and pedagogical goals; the concept describes the current situation as the norm and highlights undesirable paths of development. This theory can be considered as a guide for psychotherapeutic activities, and not at all for professionals in personality formation.

Definitions of identity

In psychology, ego identity is a multifaceted concept. When talking about it, the concepts of identity and identification are also mentioned. Thus, B. G. Meshcheryakov and V. P. Zinchenko in the “Psychological Dictionary” propose to consider the following definitions.

Regarding cognitive processes, this is the establishment of the identity of an object, its recognition.
From the point of view of psychoanalysis, identity is a process built on the basis of emotional connections. Thanks to them, a person acts as if he is the person with whom he compares himself.
In social psychology, identification is the process of identifying oneself with another person.
This is imagining oneself as a fictional character, which results in a deeper understanding of the work of art.
This is the attribution of one's thoughts, motives, feelings and traits to another person.
This is one of the types of psychological defense, which consists of unconsciously assimilating something that causes anxiety or fear.

According to the theory of “Self-concept”, group ego identity is an identity in which a person identifies himself with a social group, large or small community, accepting its goals and values, considering himself a member.
Identity is also the property of the psyche to express the idea of belonging to various national, linguistic, racial, social, religious, economic, political, professional and other groups that have certain properties.

Thus, a general definition can be formulated. In psychology, ego identity is the continuity and identity of the “I”, the integrity of the personality, which is preserved despite the changes that occur in the process of its development and growth. That is, as a person grows older, he understands that he remains the same, himself.

Childhood and early years

Erik Erikson was born in Frankfurt, Germany, into the family of Carla Abrahamsen and Jewish stockbroker Waldemar Isidor Salomonsen. At the time the boy was born, his parents had not seen each other for several months. He was recorded as Erik Salomonsen, but there is no real information about his biological father. Soon after the birth of her son, his mother moved to Karlsruhe, where she got a job as a nurse and married a second time, to pediatrician Theodor Homburger.

In 1911, Homburger officially adopted the boy, and he became Eric Homburger. The story of his birth is carefully hidden from him, and the boy grows up not knowing who his real father is.

Ego Defense Mechanisms

The founder of the theory of defense mechanisms is S. Freud. In scientific works, he spoke about defense mechanisms as a means of protecting the psyche from the pressure of the Id and Super-Ego. These mechanisms work at the subconscious level and lead to a distortion of reality. Freud identified the following ego defenses:

repression – removal from memory of information that traumatizes the psyche or is unpleasant;
projection - transferring thoughts and desires to another person;
replacement - transferring a negative reaction from one person who caused the reaction to another;
rationalization - explaining unacceptable behavior from a logical point of view in such a way that the behavior begins to seem acceptable or the only possible one;
regression - a return to behavior characteristic of a younger age;
sublimation – redirection of impulses that cause discomfort into socially approved activities;
reactive formation is a manifestation of behavior that is directly opposite to the desires that a person has;
Denial – refusal to acknowledge unpleasant events or thoughts.

Scientific activity

Erikson teaches at a private school in Vienna, where he meets Anna Freud, the daughter of Sigmund Freud. It is she who kindles his interest in psychoanalysis, and Erikson goes to comprehend this science at the Vienna Institute of Psychoanalysis.

In 1933, while he was studying at the institute, the Nazi Party came to power in Germany, and Erikson had to flee the country. First, he goes to Denmark, and then moves to the USA, where he becomes the first child psychoanalyst in Boston.

After working there for some time, Erickson changed positions in various institutions, including the Massachusetts General Hospital, the Judge Baker Center for Family Education, Harvard Medical School and the Psychological Clinic, etc.

In 1936, Erickson taught at Harvard Medical School and also worked at the Institute of Interpersonal Relations at this university. He also finds time to teach a group of children on the Sioux Reservation in South Dakota.

In 1937 Erickson leaves Harvard and joins the staff of the University of California. He works closely with the Institute for Social Protection of Children and is engaged in private practice. Erickson devotes part of his time to teaching children of the Yurok tribe.

In 1950, his personal experiences with people of different races living in different social conditions led to the writing of the most famous book of his entire scientific career, Childhood and Society. In this book, the author presents to the world his own theory of “personal crisis.”

After leaving the University of California, Erickson began working and teaching at the Austen Riggs Center, the premier psychiatric treatment facility in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. There, due to the nature of his activity, he encounters mentally unbalanced teenagers.

In 1960, Erikson returned to Harvard University, where he would work until retirement, after which, together with his wife, he would begin writing papers on various topics in psychology.

conclusions

Erik Erikson, having developed the concept of Sigmund Freud, developed his own unique theory. It focuses on the formation of a conscious, full-fledged personality. He was also the first to formulate a definition of the term “ego identity.” In psychology, this is the integrity of the individual, which develops from birth to death. It is customary to distinguish eight stages of identity formation, each of which is accompanied by a certain crisis. The success of overcoming them determines whether a person will perceive himself as an integral, full-fledged individual or not. Parental education plays the main role in the formation of this quality. At subsequent stages of development, the environment begins to influence.

Contribution to science

Erikson's basic personality theory explains existing normal, adequate states, and also explains pathological, unhealthy variations in possible situations. The doctrine of this researcher is a textbook for psychologists, psychotherapists and anyone interested in psychological issues.

Identity is the central definition, according to Erikson. Personal identity is a set of traits or character traits that help a person become different from other members of society; these qualities are the “highlight” of a person.

Ego identity is a present but deceptive sense of the individual's integrity and independence, a sense of constancy and immutability of the inner Self.

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Group identity is a sense of belonging to a social group. Ego identity and group identity are formed and developed throughout a person's life.

Erikson identified the main age periodization of personality development and formation:

1. Infancy (basic trust or lack thereof): lasts from birth until the baby is one year old. At a very early stage of development, the foundations of trust and a sense of security are laid through maternal care. If the mother rejects the child and takes poor care of him, then fear and mistrust are formed in the baby.

2. Very early childhood (independence or feelings of shame and doubt): lasts from one to three years. The foundation for the baby’s independence is formed, his horizons expand, and the child gradually learns to control himself. If there is too much guardianship or, conversely, unjustified expectations of relatives, uncertainty, a feeling of shame or doubt arises in the child.

3. Playing period (initiative or guilt): lasts from three to six years. During this age period, the child actively explores the world and acquires new skills. Society expects him to be active, he has responsibilities towards himself, and sometimes towards younger children or pets. Parents who encourage their child's curiosity help them become independent. And those who limit create passivity and guilt in him.

4. School age (industriousness or inferiority): lasts from six to twelve years. During this period, children learn discipline, consistency, get involved in work, and expand their knowledge and experience. If you do not support your child, he may develop feelings of inferiority and insecurity in front of his friends.

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5. Adolescence/gradual maturation (ego identity or shifting social roles): the main stage, according to Erikson. This is the period of formation of the basic positive ego identity. The future of a person takes on clearer outlines and becomes realistically feasible. Adolescents learn new social roles, but if their mastery is unsuccessful, role displacement occurs.

6. Youth/Maturity (Intimacy or Isolation): Lasts from about age twenty to age twenty-six. Intimacy refers to the feeling of closeness that we show towards our family and dear people. If attempts to make contact or establish relationships fail, loneliness and isolation arise.

7. Maturity (performance/activity or inertia): lasts up to 64 years. During this age period, people take care of the younger generation and try to be useful. When there is a feeling of uselessness or absence of an object of care, inertia and passivity are formed.

8. Old age (ego-integrity or despair): from 65 years. A number of new problems arise: illness, lack of strength, constant fatigue, pain. We have to get used to the new mental state. Reflections on approaching death. An analysis of past stages of life takes place. In old age comes true wisdom and understanding of what is happening.

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At almost every stage of life, an individual faces various crises, which, according to Erikson, must be successfully overcome.

Erik Erikson and his books made a huge contribution to the development of psychology. In them, people can find answers to many life questions in brief or complete formulation.

Preschool age

From three to six years old, a little person suddenly discovers that he is a girl or a boy. And there are a huge number of the same girls and boys around. You can play with them, explore the world together, quarrel, interact. A desire to work appears, the child begins to understand something about the work of his parents and imitate his work activities. Responsibility begins to emerge. It is good if the family has younger brothers, sisters or pets, since contact with them provides powerful dynamics in self-development. The child already consciously understands the prohibitions and makes attempts to analyze the events around him. Emotions become vivid and more uncontrollable; he still cannot control them completely, although he already understands what is happening now: he is angry, happy, bored.

Children experience the joy of independent actions, begin to associate themselves with special, important people, and begin to set goals for themselves. In addition, they show imagination in choosing games and creating their own entertainment. It is worth encouraging the child’s independent actions, which will be the basis for the growth of initiative, independence and help in the development of creative abilities.

Direction in psychology

Erik Erikson's seminal work is Childhood and Society (1950). This book draws heavily on the practice of psychoanalysis. Since psychoanalysis has always been aimed at studying mental disorders, the book describes various conflict situations as examples. This work is about childhood and historical processes.

Erikson's theory largely deals with the development of the ego (self). However, the scientist stated that his theories are a continuation of the psychosexual ideas of S. Freud, and they will help in further psychosocial development and in conducting research in the field of biology and sociology.

The psychologist introduced the concept of “ego psychology,” which revealed the role of the Ego in a person’s life. The scientist believed that only the Ego is responsible for the quality of life, for physical and spiritual harmony, for the healthy socialization of a person.

As Erikson stated, the ego determines a person's identity and self-esteem. The inner human “I” is the source of all victories and defeats, joy and sorrow.

It was extremely important for the psychologist to study the Ego and its adaptive abilities when various emotions arise: apathy, fear, aggression. Due to the development of various disorders and crises of a psychological nature in humans, the scientist searched for and selected psychological methods that could effectively help the patient

For example, consultations with a psychologist, therapy, medications, hypnosis

Due to the development of various disorders and crises of a psychological nature in a person, the scientist searched for and selected psychological methods that could effectively help the patient. For example, consultations with a psychologist, therapy, medications, hypnosis.

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Erikson described the main 8 age stages of personality formation, and this became a significant contribution to the study of the human psyche. This teaching is familiar to any professional psychologist.

The scientist tried to demonstrate the influence of culture that it has on the stages of the formation of an individual, and this served as a fulcrum for many researchers studying personality behavior patterns, creating original methods for studying psychological questions that people ask today.

The scientist invented his own concept of psychological development of the individual and divided it into eight stages, somewhat similar to Freud’s diagram of the development of the individual. Erickson only added three new stages of formation.

Erikson wrote that all manifestations must be recognized within the framework of the interrelationship of biology, behavior, perception and society.

The theoretical orientation of Erikson's teachings includes:

Analysis of the changes that accompany a person throughout his life, starting from childhood.
Emphasis on the healthy mental state of people, rather than on the pathological one.
The study of the Ego, which determines a person’s self-identity and individuality.
Relating clinical findings to cultural and historical phenomena.
Interpretation of the stages of development and formation of the human psyche.
Creating methods to help other scientists and psychologists.

Average maturity

This is a very broad period that covers the age range from 26 to 64 years. Here, the essence of the crisis is the choice between self-absorption (inertia) and productivity (focus on humanity). In the second case, a person gets a job or does something that allows him to take care of the future of society. If a person remains inert, then he focuses only on himself, on his own comfort, satisfaction of his needs and requirements. It would seem that for the era of global consumption this should be considered the norm. However, having chosen such a pole, a person often feels the meaninglessness of life.

Erikson's Theory of Personality Development and Ego Identity

What does the term mean that Erickson was so interested in that he devoted much of his research to it? Strictly speaking, identity is the identity of a person with himself. Erikson sought to expand this concept. Identity, he believed, is both an image of oneself in relation to the world around us, and a person’s ability to qualitatively solve the difficulties that arise before him, and an indicator of the maturity of the individual.

Transitions between stages of personality development are crises. But they are not neurotic in nature, but are only turning points in development. Erikson's special attitude towards adolescence can be seen in many of his works. At this stage, the scientist believed, the deepest psychological crisis occurs. Three powerful forces lead to it: physiological maturation, problems communicating with peers, and professional choice.

Erickson gave a special name to the period between adolescence and adulthood - mental moratorium. The course of this crisis largely depends on the previous stages. The result of adolescence is either a mature personality or a personality with a “diffuse identity.” If the crisis of adolescence has not been overcome, then the result is pathological development of the individual. It is expressed in the following characteristics:

Increased, persistent feeling of anxiety;
Feeling of loneliness and emptiness;
Reluctance to take responsibility; the desire to delay the acquisition of adult status for as long as possible;
Social fears, as well as the inability to interact emotionally with people of the opposite sex;
Denial of the value of all social roles, including male and female.

The period of adulthood is also of particular importance for ego identity. If a person does what he loves and has managed to build a family, this is a good sign. If he is lonely, he does not have a good job or a satisfying hobby, stagnation begins. The individual experiences emotional and physiological stress.

Old age

The last stage of personality development occurs after 60 years, when another rethinking of life occurs, through memories of past years, analysis of the correctness or incorrectness of one’s actions. This is a period of wisdom for those who have come a long way in life and have analyzed their lives.

Here, more than ever, it is important to feel satisfied and find joyful moments in your life. Then old age will be calm and confident, and the approach of death will no longer be so scary, because life continues - in the descendants and creations of man.

Neila Elena Andreevna – Consulting psychologist, Gestalt therapist, EMDR therapy specialist. Work experience 13 years.

Freud and Erikson: theoretical differences

Erikson himself insisted that his concepts were nothing more than a continuation of Freud's psychoanalytic theory. But in fact, he moved so far away from it that in modern science Erikson’s theory is considered separately. What is the difference between the views of Freud and Erikson on personality development, human character and its formation in the process of life?

Freud gave the main role in personality development to unconscious drives, or Id. He was convinced that it was the conflict between the unconscious and social restrictions that was the cause of all diseases and neuroses. Erikson insisted on the dominant role of the ego, due to which Erikson’s theory was called “Ego psychology.” Freud believed that the Ego is a component that, as if between a rock and a hard place, is trying to reduce the restrictions of society and the drives of the Id. Erickson believed that the ego is a separately functioning system that works with the outside world through perception, thinking, memory and attention.
Freud's and Erikson's views on the parental role in character formation differ. The development of personality is influenced to a greater extent by the conditions in which a person was born and lives, and the historical era. Erikson came to this conclusion by observing the development of children in different cultures. The scientist was sure that the Ego inevitably develops and changes under the influence of external conditions.

Erikson's theory of personality development differs from Freud's concept in understanding psychosexual conflicts

Freud focused on the influence the unconscious has on human life. He also believed that unresolved childhood traumas were the cause of adult conflicts.

Erikson, on the contrary, placed the main emphasis on understanding the adult as an individual who can cope with difficulties. His theory is centered on the concept of the Ego with all its virtues, which are revealed in the process of life.

period of youth

He is aged 12-19 years. This is a time of active physiological changes, striving to find your own philosophy of life and look at the world around you in your own way. The teenager begins to ask questions such as “who am I?”, “who do I want to become?”

The most complete form of ego identity is formed at the age of 12-19 years. It is also at this stage that the deepest crisis begins. If it cannot be overcome, then role confusion will occur. It can be characterized by restlessness and disorientation in oneself. Therefore, it is important to help a teenager create a consistent and unified image of himself. After all, it was this period that Erikson considered the most central in the development of social and psychological well-being.

Notes

Wed. also Onto In-se in the terminology of ontopsychology
Zinchenko V. P., Meshcheryakov B. G.
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How to pacify your Ego?

The fight against one’s own self is one of the most difficult tasks of every individual. If a person has an Ego inflated by passions, anger, envy, material desires, then he will have to fight long and hard with this part of his personality. The first thing you need to pacify your Ego is the realization that it is selfish, inferior. You should understand where it leads, recognize all your aspirations, desires, motives and motivations. After this, you need to choose a way in which you can work on your Ego. To do this, you can use spiritual practices or psychological programs to work on yourself.

Use in economics

Elements of a brand’s identity are its attributes (Brand Identify). For example, a brand signature (English Brand Signature): symbol (English Brand Mark), logo (English Brand Logotype), brand slogan (English Brandline or English Brand Slogan), graphics supporting the brand (English Supergraphic).

Brand identity - (eng. Brand Identity). Distinctive features of the brand, its individuality (Brand Personality). The metaphor of brand identity is the “DNA” of the brand. It has several definitions: 1) the strategic concept of the brand’s personality, its external expression, the totality of its identifiers; reflection of characteristics unique to the brand that motivate the buyer; plays a key role in the process of brand recognition by consumers; forms its uniqueness; is the main element of the motivational vertical of brand management, participating in the formation of the brand model and image; 2) what the brand represents in the perception of consumers or as intended by its developers. There is a term “brand attributes” (English: Brand Identify or english: Brand Attributes).

Corporate identity - (English Сorporate Identity), expressed in the attributes of corporate style (English Сorporate style). Same as brand identity, but in relation to a corporate brand. A corporate brand is associated with the company name (and/or its symbol) and can be used for the company's products. It is often the basis or complement for a family brand (English Family Brand) and individual brand (English Individual Brand); In the Asian model of brand management, the corporate brand plays a central role: most subsidiaries, products and services have one brand, which may change, but only slightly. T.N. Monolithic brand or Branded House

In this case, advertising focuses not on product brands, but on the corporate brand: the main advantage is focusing activities on the unity of the company and common corporate values, which in turn allows you to quickly build a global business structure, but is associated with various risks and difficulties during diversification production. In the Western model of brand management, the emphasis is on brands owned by the company, and the corporate brand is assigned a supporting role in the event of the success of products/product categories under independent brands (English: House of Brand)

The modern brand management model uses a combined approach that takes advantage of Asian and Western models. There is also the concept of corporate branding.

National identity - (English National Identity, see Territorial identity). The concept of related sciences in brand management is associated with the terms “national branding”, “territorial branding” or “territory branding” (Wally Olins). Denotes the identity of a national or territorial (regional, country, etc.) brand. For more information, see Brand Identity and National or Territorial Co-Branding.

Identity crisis, its research and criticism in the context of globalization

Globalization also negatively affects the effectiveness of research in the field of identity crisis, preventing the possibility of a more detailed consideration of individual cases in view of the ongoing process of adaptation of individuals to new trends and values.

It was the features of the identity crisis in the context of globalization that became the main subject of criticism of the basic theory of the identity crisis of E. Erikson by the German philosopher, sociologist and social psychologist Erich Fromm. E. Fromm offers a different interpretation of the problem of identity, criticizing Erikson’s research in that he does not take into account the specifics of the problems of modern industrial society:

Thus, today the study of the concept of “identity crisis” is subject to difficulties not only due to the influence of a dynamically developing external environment, but also due to different interpretations of the term itself.