Psychological functions and properties of speech
There are four main functions of speech:
- Expression
It is through speech that people can show their attitude towards any object, situation or individual.
- Message
It is through words that people exchange information.
- Designation
This function is expressed in determining the name of an object or phenomenon.
- Influence
Through speech, a person can influence the emotional state, thoughts, assumptions and behavior of people around him.
Properties of speech include:
- Content
The depth and volume of speech is important, which affects its informativeness.
- Understandability
A person must be able to correctly and clearly express what he wants to convey to his interlocutor.
- Expressiveness
The emotional coloring of speech when communicating with other people is important.
- Influence
This property of speech reflects a person’s ability to influence other people.
Finished works on a similar topic
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All functions and properties of speech are very important for humans. They play a very important role in the formation of personality. If some property of a person’s speech is impaired, this can lead to bad consequences. To avoid them, you need to know all the functions and properties of speech and work on mastering them. The type of speech a person uses is also important. After all, all types are important in their own way and necessary for a person in the process of his life.
Dialogue is speech consisting of replicas, a chain of speech reactions. As a form of speech that is primary in origin, it is characterized by its social nature and the maximum development of the structure of speech communication. Dialogue is determined primarily by the social environment of communication and the immediate social situation. It always presupposes the commonality of the social plan of the partners, knowledge of the essence of the matter, i.e., what is being discussed. Dialogue also relies on a number of non-verbal means - on the immediate objective situation surrounding it now and here, acoustic perception of the intonation structure of the interlocutor’s speech, visual perception of the interlocutor - facial expressions, gestures. Dialogue has specific characteristics - abbreviation of the phonetic side of speech, a tendency towards predicativity, a tendency towards a semantic semantic structure, a specific vocabulary, the peculiarity of which, in particular, is the use of words that denote and name the surrounding situation, objects, phenomena. Such a dictionary is based on the needs of this current communication.
It is important to note three more characteristics of dialogue that are important in aphasiology, about which L. S. Vygotsky, G. Humboldt, L. P. Yakubinsky, A. A. Shcherba wrote: 1) dialogical speech is essentially divided between two people ; 2) in the response response it is possible to repeat the vocabulary contained in the question response; 3) the simplest forms of dialogue do not require the construction of a program of expression and do not require mediation by internal speech.
What is the brain basis for such a complex structure of speech and the implementation of all its functions? Modern research shows that speech is ensured by the joint work of a number of cerebral zones of the cerebral cortex, namely the posterior frontal, inferior parietal, temporal, posterior temporal - inferior parietal - anterior occipital (TRO zone) and which are the brain basis of speech. The combination of these zones is called the speech zone of the cerebral cortex. The joint work of the analyzer systems of these areas of the brain (motor-kinetic, kinesthetic, acoustic, spatial, visual analyzers) constitutes the psychophysiological basis of speech and speech activity. All these analyzer systems are closely interconnected, especially for the acoustic and speech motor analyzers. Many researchers have pointed out the close connection between these analyzing systems. I.M. Sechenov also wrote about the connection between “auditory sensations” and muscle sensations in the chest, larynx, tongue, lips, i.e., with “sensations during one’s own conversation” (Sechenov, 1952. P. 568). In psychology, the fact of a close connection and dependence of auditory sensations with speech kinesthesia has long been established (A. R. Luria, B. M. Teploye, A. N. Leontyev, A. N. Sokolov, N. I. Zhinkin, L. A. Novikova and etc.). In the works of L. A. Chistovich, the idea was repeatedly expressed that the first stage of speech recognition is articulatory recognition of audible speech, which can be called internal imitation.
Thus, the psychophysiological basis of speech is a functional system consisting of the interaction of various analyzer systems, and above all the speech motor and auditory analyzers. The brain's basis is the joint work of a number of areas of the cerebral cortex.
Let us briefly summarize modern ideas about speech in psychology.
To understand speech impairment in aphasia, to make an accurate topical and speech diagnosis, as well as to apply adequate scientifically based methods for overcoming speech defects that correspond to their nature and mechanisms, a specialist must take into account at least the following most important characteristics of speech.
Psychological characteristics
1. The nature of speech is social; speech occurs during life.
2. Speech and words arise through the close interaction of sound, meaning and expression.
3. The role and place of speech in the mental sphere:
a) mediation and connection of all mental processes;
b) means and form of cognitive activity;
c) a means and method of verbal communication between people;
d) the implementation of a close relationship with other mental processes, such as perception, memory, thinking, as well as with the personality and emotional-volitional sphere of a person.
4. Basic functions of speech: visual perception of the interlocutor - facial expressions, gestures. Dialogue has specific characteristics - abbreviation of the phonetic side of speech, a tendency towards predicativity, a tendency towards a semantic semantic structure, a specific vocabulary, the peculiarity of which, in particular, is the use of words that denote and name the surrounding situation, objects, phenomena. Such a dictionary is based on the needs of this current communication.
It is important to note three more characteristics of dialogue that are important in aphasiology, about which L. S. Vygotsky, G. Humboldt, L. P. Yakubinsky, A. A. Shcherba wrote: 1) dialogical speech is essentially divided between two people ; 2) in the response response it is possible to repeat the vocabulary contained in the question response; 3) the simplest forms of dialogue do not require the construction of a program of expression and do not require mediation by internal speech.
Psychology of speech (continued) – previous\next – Psychology of speech (continued)
Literature:
1. Akhutina T.V. Generation of speech. M., 1989.
2. Vygotsky L.S. Collected works. T. 2. M., 1982.
3. Zhinkin N.I. Mechanisms of speech. M., 1958.
4. Leontyev A.A. The word in speech activity. M., 1965.
5. Luria A.R. Language and consciousness. M., 1979.
6. Nemov R.S. Psychology. Book 1. General fundamentals of psychology. M., 1994.
7. Sokolov A.N. Inner speech and thinking. M., 1968.
8. Chomsky N. Language and thinking. M., 1972.
9. Ushakova T.N. etc. Human speech in communication. M., 1989.
Cheat sheet on psychology -. THINKING AND SPEECH, TYPES OF SPEECH
22. THINKING AND SPEECH, TYPES OF SPEECH.
Speech is a form of existence of thought, therefore there is unity between speech and thinking. But this is unity, not identity.
Can't tear it off
thinking and speech are separate from each other. Speech is not just the outer clothing of thought, which it sheds or puts on without thereby changing its essence. Speech, the word, serve not only to express, to externalize, to convey to another a thought that is already ready without speech. In speech we formulate a thought, but in formulating it, we very often form it. Speech here is more than an external instrument of thought; it is included in the very process of thinking as a form associated with its content. By creating a speech form, thinking itself is formed. Thinking and speech, without being identified, are included in the unity of one process. Thinking is not only expressed in speech, but for the most part it is accomplished in speech.
In those cases where thinking occurs primarily not in the form of speech in the specific sense of the word, but in the form of images, these images perform the function of speech in thinking, since their sensory content functions in thinking as a carrier of its semantic content.
How form and content, speech and thinking are related
complex and often contradictory relationships. Speech has its own structure, which does not coincide with the structure of thinking: grammar expresses the structure of speech, logic – the structure of thinking; they are not the same.
The presence of unity and the absence of sameness
between thinking and speech clearly appear in the process of reproduction. Reproduction of abstract thoughts is usually cast in verbal form, which has, sometimes positive, sometimes - if the initial reproduction is erroneous - an inhibitory effect on the memorization of the thought. At the same time, memorizing thoughts and semantic content is largely independent of the verbal form.
The statement about the irreducibility of thinking to speech applies not only to external, but also to internal speech. Inner speech is not reducible to thinking, and thinking is not reducible to it.
So:
1)
between speech and thinking there is neither identity nor gap, but unity;
this unity is dialectical, including differences that sharpen into opposites; 2)
in the unity of thinking and speech, the leading one is thinking, and not speech, as formalistic and idealistic theories want, turning the word as a sign into the “producing cause of thinking;
3)
speech and thinking arise in a person in unity on the basis of social and labor practice.
Speech
is the psychological process of forming and transmitting thoughts through language.
Speech without language acquisition is impossible. In psychology, there are two main types of speech :
external and internal.
External speech includes oral ( dialogic and monologue
) and written.
1. External speech:
a) oral speech:
- Dialogical speech
– this is supported speech; dialogue is direct communication between two or more people; the interlocutor asks clarifying questions during the conversation, giving remarks that can help complete the thought (or reorient it). A type of dialogic communication is a conversation in which the dialogue has a thematic focus.
— Monologue speech
– a long, consistent, coherent presentation of a system of thoughts and knowledge by one person. It also develops in the process of communication, but the nature of communication here is different: the monologue is uninterrupted, therefore the speaker has an active, expressive, facial and gestural influence. In monologue speech, compared to dialogical speech, the semantic side changes most significantly. Monologue speech is coherent, contextual.
b) Written speech
is a type of monologue speech. It is more developed than oral monologue speech. This is due to the fact that written speech presupposes the absence of feedback from the interlocutor. In addition, written speech does not have any additional means of influencing the perceiver, except for the words themselves, their order and punctuation marks that organize the sentence.
2. Inner speech
- This is a special type of speech activity. It acts as a planning phase in practical and theoretical activities. Therefore, internal speech, on the one hand, is characterized by fragmentation and fragmentation. On the other hand, misunderstandings in the perception of the situation are excluded here. Therefore, inner speech is extremely situational, in this it is close to dialogical. Inner speech is formed on the basis of external speech.
