TREATMENT OF ATTACKS OF UNCONTROLLED AGGRESSION IN MEN

The manifestation of aggression in a person is a sign of a psychological disorder, a nervous breakdown. This phenomenon usually manifests itself by causing physical or moral damage to others. Someone tries to refer to repeated signs of aggression on fatigue, irritability, or character traits. But in fact, this is a clear sign of an unhealthy nervous system. And here it is important to get qualified help from a specialist in a timely manner.

At the Korsakov Psychiatric Center in Moscow, they accurately determine the causes of aggressive behavior, draw up a detailed treatment plan, and monitor the recovery process.

What predisposes to aggression in everyday life?

There are several factors that can cause a person to become aggressive:

1. Excessive use of substances such as drugs, alcohol (this disrupts the functioning of the nervous system).

2. Psychological traumas of the past (for example, a war experience, an accident, an accident, trauma).

3. Disadvantages of upbringing in childhood (aggression is often the cause of lack of upbringing or its complete absence if the child grew up without parents).

4. Moral pressure on a person (for example, bullying, pressure from family members for one reason or another).

5. Material not well-being.

Taking into account the factors described above, specialists at the clinic select the correct and effective treatment method. Often, the course of recovery begins with isolating the person from irritating factors.

How to prevent an attack of aggression?

It is worth analyzing the situations in which such behavior appears, identifying its causes and, if possible, removing them. Consulting a psychiatrist-gerontologist will help you cope with this task.

The patient’s relatives will have to change their behavior and attitude towards him:

• accept age-related changes, come to terms with the fact that a person needs more time even for simple things, with the fact that he can forget a lot, do something wrong, it is especially important not to get irritated, not to react negatively, so as not to provoke an aggressive response;
• take into account the state of health: constant pain, as well as decreased hearing or vision, distort the perception of the environment, the person begins to react sharply to stimuli;
• try not to criticize, not to make unnecessary comments; try not to create situations in which the patient might do something wrong, and if he has made a mistake, do not focus on it;
• if an elderly person needs help when visiting the toilet, changing clothes, or performing hygiene procedures, it should be gentle, and the actions of the person helping should not cause discomfort;
• monitor the emotional state: if “harbingers” of aggressive behavior appear (anxiety, restlessness, fear, pain), try to call a gerontologist as quickly as possible; timely prescribed drug treatment will prevent the development of an attack of aggression.

Different forms of manifestation for both men and women

When talking about attacks of aggressiveness, it is important to identify female and male aggression. In men, signs of aggressiveness begin to appear in attempts to control everyone and everything. In the early stages they can be touchy, but if they deviate from their opinion, they immediately use their hands, obscene language, and screams.

In women, an emotional outburst is usually accompanied by everyday problems. Psychologists note that powerlessness and the inability to correct the situation are frequent causes of aggressive impulses against others. Sometimes they can be caused by personal problems, sometimes by problems with money, illness, and more.

Protracted separation processes

During pregnancy and in the first years of the baby’s life, the mother is in a symbiotic fusion with him, since for the child it is a matter of survival. It is unnatural for an adult healthy person to be in such a total fusion with another person, which is why nature designed the hormone oxytocin and its increased production in women during pregnancy and infancy. The hormone is responsible for acceptance, emotional attachment, harmony and calm. But when children grow up and become more independent, the woman’s hormones return to normal. She is no longer ready for the level of intimacy and fusion that she had before. Women have a need for their own personal space and a part of life separate from children. If this does not happen in reality, the child does not start the mechanism of gradual separation, separation from the mother, the woman begins to experience a strong and powerful feeling of anger. She realizes it through minor scandals with her husband, irritation with children and others, if of course she knows how to show this anger, or she restrains herself, accumulates anger and gradually unloads it into her body - muscle strain, armor, pain in the back, spine and chest. There is another process when a woman’s body does not have enough of the hormone “oxytocin” and there is virtually no parental instinct; in the first years, pregnancy and maternity leave are incredibly difficult. Those. there are two directions here - acceptance, love and merging in the first years with the child and further gradual separation in subsequent years. Where there is movement with slipping, we work in that direction.

Treatment of aggression in St. Petersburg

The medical clinic is one of the few in St. Petersburg that has everything necessary for the effective treatment of mental illness. At your service:

• comfortable hospital with experienced staff;
• all types of psychotherapy (psychoanalysis, hypnosis, gestalt therapy);
• modern types of diagnostics (neurophysiological analysis of conceptual functions, ultrasound of the brain and neck vessels, test psychodiagnostics, electroencephalogram);
• if necessary, we have the right to prescribe all types of psychotropic medications, which ensures effective treatment (not all private clinics have the appropriate license);
• the conditions of a comfortable multidisciplinary clinic allow for a comprehensive examination and treatment of concomitant diseases;
• there are 40 psychiatrists and psychotherapists on staff, but in difficult cases the best specialists in the country are involved in consultations;
• clinics in three districts of the city (Primorsky, Central and Krasnogvardeysky). In addition, our new center provides treatment for aggression in Vsevolozhsk.

Attack of rage and anger

Negative emotions manifest themselves in the form of a destructive reaction to an obstacle (external or internal). At the same time, an obstacle often infuriates a person, and the rage itself is accompanied by an incredible desire to destroy this obstacle. An obstacle can be both inanimate and animate. The emergence of rage is associated with the appearance of anger, which angers the individual. Attempts to cope with it remain unsuccessful and anger develops into rage.

Rage occurs when a situation develops that is not satisfactory and gives the feeling that it is possible to cope with it. It grows to a certain point - a turning point, after which there is either a decline in the intensity of feelings until calm, or a sharp jump upward, which manifests itself in the form of attacks. A common, common expression is choked with anger. This is the starting point for the onset of rage.

This condition is marked by compression of the nerves and shortness of breath. Negative emotions are always accompanied by a desire for physical activity: fight, jump, run, crush, break, clench your hands into fists.

Attacks are marked by specific facial expressions:

- drooping, knitted eyebrows;

- widened eyes, focusing attention on the object of aggression;

- formation of horizontal folds on the bridge of the nose;

- expansion of the wings of the nose due to air flows and tension;

- open mouth at height when inhaling, bare teeth.

Attacks of rage have many similarities with hysteria. They are united, for example, by the fact that these extreme forms of expression of emotions, introducing the human psyche into a dangerous state, do not have organic changes.

Prolonged hysteria and fits of rage cause serious harm to health. This could be loss of consciousness, stroke, shock, heart attack, paralysis of the arms, temporary deafness, blindness.

General information

Aggression is nothing more than destructive behavior. A person acts verbally or non-verbally with only one goal - to cause harm. The nature of aggressive behavior can be instinctive, that is, innate. This is typical for every person. In response to a direct threat to life, an adaptive reaction is triggered. And in this case, aggression is considered the norm, since it relates to a defense mechanism.

But with an established addiction, aggression is considered from the point of view of an acquired behavioral disorder. The behavioral reaction goes from benign to malignant. A maladaptive reaction occurs without a reason - a direct “threat” to a person.

Ethanol and its breakdown products destroy nerve cells in the central nervous system, which is why changes occur in the psyche, namely in behavioral reactions. The picture of alcoholic aggression is often blurred and from the outside it seems that it is just a character trait.

The phenomenon of comorbidity highlights the connection between alcoholism and personality. Autodestructive personality disorders, such as borderline and dissocial, in the clinical picture of which the leading place is occupied by impulsivity in the form of destructive extra- and intrapunitive “acting out” of anger, resentment and rage, often coexist with alcohol addiction. Moreover, the suicide risk with comorbidity exceeds the risk than with individual disorders.

Auto-aggression and suicide in alcohol dependence: clinic and psychotherapy. D. I. Shustov.

Causes of rage attacks

There are no people who never get angry and always maintain a balanced state. Anything can get you out of a rut: an unfair boss, traffic jams, bad weather, children's pranks, etc. However, rage and anger are one thing, and uncontrollable sudden attacks of rage and anger are another thing entirely.

Anger and rage usually pass without serious destructive consequences for a person, but if during sudden attacks of rage a person is able to cause pain and suffering to loved ones or those around him, then this already indicates a lack of control over his emotions. In principle, a violent manifestation of anger is considered a normal reaction of the human psyche to an external stimulus. It is much more difficult to deal with uncontrolled manifestations of aggression.

An attack of rage refers to both an emotional and physiological state. It manifests itself in increased heart rate, redness or pallor of the skin. This happens because the body receives a huge amount of energy that needs to be put somewhere.

There is an opinion that holding back negative emotions is harmful. This is not so and scientists have proven it. The release of negative emotions in the form of anger and anger towards the immediate environment is akin to a drug that gives great pleasure to the aggressor. Frequent breakdowns of a person with loved ones make him want to do this all the time. Over time, the person himself no longer notices that he is unconsciously provoking situations in which he falls into an attack. Ordinary people, noticing such a feature, begin to avoid such a person, and he, in turn, finds a society of the same unbalanced people who love outbursts of anger.

Signs that warn of aggression

For people with mental disorders, anger does not arise out of nowhere. If you carefully observe the patient, you can notice signs that prevent the appearance of aggression:

• the patient is delusional or hallucinating (perhaps he hears outside voices telling him what to do);
• brain damage due to a neuroinfectious disease or traumatic brain injury;
• criminal history;
• young age;
• tendency to impulsive reactions or an antisocial lifestyle;
• repeated treatment in psychiatric clinics;
• dependence on alcohol or illicit substances.

Most often, psychiatrists observe aggression in paranoid schizophrenia. The patient's delusions especially increase the chances of such behavior (persecution - when the patient seems to be under surveillance, relationships - the person is sure that his loved ones want to harm him). Sometimes the condition may not be associated with real people.

If the patient's loved ones observe any of the listed signs, they should already understand what the consequences caused by impulsivity may be. To prevent this, you need to seek qualified help. Most often we are talking about hospitalization of the patient.

Here are just a few reasons to choose our clinic:

• We accept and visit patients of any severity , including dangerous ones, those with a tendency to aggression, those who refuse treatment, we know how to persuade and accept patients for compulsory treatment;
• We have our own comfortable hospital , where the cost of stay includes everything that is necessary for full treatment and rehabilitation. We also use outpatient treatment, day and evening hospital;
• The treatment plan includes all modern methods that have proven their effectiveness: psychotherapy, drug therapy, rehabilitation, physiotherapy, work with relatives, etc.

Child's rage attacks

The physiological basis of emotions that tonic an individual’s activity is mainly the process of excitation, while the basis of such negative emotions as fear are the processes of inhibition. In childhood, excitement has an advantage over inhibition, thereby determining the child’s emotional increased excitability.

A child in preschool age fully transmits the mood of those around him; the child is able to cry, but within a few minutes laugh. For children, rapid changes in emotions are a normal reaction. It is important for parents to remember this and not to panic in vain. Gradually, over the years, a balance of nervous processes develops, and feelings become stable and moderate. Parents should take into account that the child always tries to copy adults. And if he notices that with the help of hysteria and attacks it is possible to achieve his goals, then he will constantly use it.

How to deal with rage attacks in children? Do not create situations that are traumatic for the child’s psyche, do not have offensive, hurtful conversations in front of the baby. If there is a threat of negative emotions, smooth out difficult moments and distract the child with other topics.

If a child has frequent hysteria, which arose due to the influence of the school group, it is necessary to go to school without hesitation and find out what the reason is.

If attacks of hysteria pose a threat to the child’s health, then the issue of termination of stay in the educational institution or this class should be decided.

What causes female aggression?

Bartolome Esteban Murillo, “Two Women at the Window” Illustration: Wikimedia Commons ...What is the effect of hormones on the brain and other sensory systems discussed in previous chapters? How much do hormones determine our behavior - both good and bad? In this chapter we will look at different hormones, but we will mainly focus on one, namely the one that is inextricably linked with aggression: testosterone. Looking ahead, I will immediately note that testosterone has much less to do with aggression than is commonly believed. And at the other end of the line is usually the hormone oxytocin: it has acquired a status associated with warm, kind-hearted and prosocial behavior. So, with oxytocin, everything is not as simple and obvious as they think...

Maternal aggression

In female rodents, the degree of aggressiveness increases during pregnancy and reaches a peak during childbirth. Obviously, such aggression reaches maximum values ​​in those species that are characterized by the threat of infanticide.

During late pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone increase maternal aggression by secreting more oxytocin in certain areas of the brain, which again brings us back to oxytocin promoting maternal aggression.

I will give two examples that will illustrate the complexity of the endocrine processes involved in aggression. Estrogen is involved in the process of generating maternal aggression. But it can also reduce aggression, increase responsiveness and improve the degree of recognition of emotions. It turned out that there are two types of estrogen receptors in the brain, and they regulate its opposite behavioral effects. In this case, the quantitative expression of these effects is regulated independently of each other. What we see: the same hormone, the same amount of hormone, but with a different final effect. And it depends on what the brain is pre-tuned to.

The next difficulty: as we already know, progesterone, acting together with estrogen, promotes maternal aggression. However, progesterone itself reduces aggression and anxiety. One hormone, the same amount - and a diametrically opposite result depending on the presence of another hormone.

Progesterone reduces anxiety in a very clever way. Once in the neuron, the hormone is converted into another steroid, which in turn binds to GABA receptors, making them more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of GABA, and thus the brain calms down. Here is an example of a direct dialogue between hormones and neurotransmitters.

Female aggression with fists

Female aggression - apart from maternal aggression - is traditionally seen as passive, hidden. As Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, a leading primatologist at the University of California, Davis, noted, until the 1970s. almost no one even thought to study competition among women.

However, females are often aggressive towards each other. This observation is simply dismissed with the help of an argument from the field of psychopathology: if, say, a female chimpanzee behaves aggressively to the point of killing, this behavior is explained by the fact that she is, um... abnormal. Or female aggression is seen as a hormonal “release”. In female chimpanzees, small amounts of androgens are synthesized in the adrenal glands and ovaries; supporters of the “release” believe that the synthesis of “real” female hormones occurs somehow inaccurately and some male hormones are also inadvertently released. And since evolution is a lazy lady, it did not bother to remove male hormone receptors from the female brain, and this is how testosterone aggression in women turns out.

Such judgments are incorrect for a number of reasons.

It is incorrect to think that female brains do or do not contain testosterone receptors simply because they share the same pattern as male brains. In females and males, androgen receptors are distributed differently, and in females they are denser in some areas. Evolution has very actively selected for the effects of testosterone in females.

More importantly, female aggression makes sense from an evolutionary point of view: strategically calibrated aggressiveness increases fitness. Depending on the species, females fight for resources (food, nesting areas, etc.), drive female rivals lower in the hierarchy to infertility, and kill other people’s cubs (this is what chimpanzees do, for example). And in birds and (rarely) primates, whose evolution has commanded males to be caring fathers, females compete with particular fury for such a treasure.

Interestingly, there are species of animals in the world - among them primates (bonobos, lemurs, marmosets, tamarins), Cape hyraxes, rodents (California and Syrian hamsters, naked mole rats) - in which females are socially dominant and behave more aggressively than males (often They are also physically stronger). The most famous example of social gender inversion is spotted hyenas; they were studied by Lawrence Frank and colleagues from the University of California at Berkeley. In typical social predators (lions, for example), the females hunt, and the males only “come down to dinner” and they get the first piece. Among hyenas, males in a subordinate position hunt; the females then drive them away from the food they have obtained and give the cubs the opportunity to be the first to get enough. Just imagine: in many mammals, an erection is a signal of dominance, like “a man has come with a tool.” With hyenas it’s the other way around: the male gets an erection if the female terrorizes him. (“Don’t attack me! Look, I’m just a harmless male!”)

How can we explain female competitive aggression (whether in “normal” species or changelings with inverted social roles)? It would be logical to assume that androgens are to blame; indeed, females with modified sex roles have testosterone levels that are the same or even higher than those of males. Hyena cubs are born “pseudohermaphrodites” - this is not surprising, because before birth they were in their mother’s stomach, and there is so much testosterone there! Female hyenas have a false scrotum and no external vagina, but they have a clitoris the size of a penis, which is also capable of erection. And even more - some of the differences that are usually found between the brains of male and female mammals are not found in hyenas and naked mole rats. This reflects the fact that their embryos receive a lot of male hormones.

From the above, one could conclude that females in species with inverted gender roles behave aggressively because they are exposed to increased exposure to androgens, and, accordingly, the decrease in aggression among females of other species is explained by reduced levels of androgens.

And then objections arise. To begin with, we are familiar with species (for example, Brazilian guinea pigs) in which females have high levels of androgens, but they do not behave aggressively and are not dominant over males. In contrast, females of some bird species with inverted roles do not have elevated androgen levels. Moreover, as in males, individual differences in androgen levels do not predict greater or less aggressiveness in females, whether of a species with classical or inverted sexual behavior. In general, in females the level of androgens does not increase during periods of aggressiveness.

And there is logic in this. Female aggression is associated mainly with the reproduction and survival of offspring: first of all, it is maternal aggression, but also competition for a sexual partner, “home” places, food during gestation and feeding. Androgens disrupt processes associated with childbirth and cause confusion in established maternal behavior. As Hrdy noted, the presence of androgens puts the female in a difficult position: she must balance the advantages of aggressiveness with the disadvantages of its reproduction. Ideally, androgens in females should affect the “aggressive” areas of the brain and not affect the “reproductive-maternal” areas. This is exactly how evolution worked, as it turned out.

Book cover Alpina Publisher

Premenstrual aggression and irritability

Here we inevitably come to the topic of premenstrual syndrome (PMS): this is a set of symptoms that accompanies menstruation, when the mood deteriorates, irritability increases, and the stomach swells due to the accumulation of fluid, pimples pop up... There are a lot of all sorts of implausible rumors and legends about PMS. (The same goes for PMDD, a premenstrual dysphoric disorder in which symptoms are so severe that a woman is unable to function normally; it affects 2–5% of women.)

This topic is bogged down in two contradictions at once: what is the cause of PMS/PMDD and how is this syndrome related to aggression? The first question is some kind of horror. In general, is PMS/PMDD a physiology or a social superstructure?

According to extreme views (“it's just a social phenomenon”), PMS is entirely a product of specific cultural conditions. Margaret Mead pioneered this view when she argued in her 1928 book Coming of Age in Samoa that Samoan women did not change their mood or behavior during menstruation. Mead sang blissful pictures of Samoan life, which portrayed Samoans as the most peace-loving, kind-hearted, sexually free primates east of the bonobos. And then anthropologists took the idea further by suggesting that women from any “loincloth” culture do not experience PMS. Well, if, accordingly, in some culture there is an uncontrolled spread of PMS (in the American, for example), this means that the interests of women are infringed upon and their sexuality is suppressed. Such views can even be criticized from the standpoint of socioeconomics; Take, for example, this pearl: “With the help of PMS, women express dissatisfaction with their oppressed position in American capitalist society.”

If we take the opinions of such extremists as a starting point, it turns out that in “repressive” societies those women who are most oppressed will suffer the most from PMS. That is, women with strong PMS symptoms should experience anxiety, depression, be neurotic, hypochondriac, sexually repressed, obedient to religious prohibitions, they hide from difficulties instead of solving the problem. In general, there is not a single decent Samoan among them.

Fortunately, the wave of such ideas has largely subsided. Numerous studies have identified shifts in brain chemistry and behavior that accompany the normal process of the reproductive cycle; Moreover, behavior changes both during ovulation and during menstruation. And PMS is an extreme, painful case of such modulations. At the same time, let us take into account that the symptoms of PMS, this natural physiological phenomenon, vary from culture to culture. Chinese women, for example, describe the effect of PMS as not being as strong as Western women (and it is not known whether they really do not feel so bad, or whether they are simply used to not complaining). Considering that there are over a hundred symptoms of PMS, it is not surprising that they are emphasized differently from society to society.

Other primates also show perimenstrual changes in behavior and mood, so it's clear that biology is at play. Female baboons and vervet monkeys become more aggressive and less friendly before estrus (monkeys, as far as I know, are not oppressed by American capitalism). It is interesting to note that among baboons only dominant females become more aggressive; subordinate females simply do not have the opportunity to express aggression.

These findings strongly suggest that shifts in behavior and mood have a biological basis. The social aspect is that they came under the jurisdiction of medicine, received the names of “pathologies”, “syndromes”, “disorders” and acquired “symptoms”.

What is the basic biology of PMS? The generally accepted theory indicates a sharp drop in progesterone levels as the regulation approaches, which means its sedative, calming effect is weakened. Based on this, PMS is the result of too sharp a decrease in progesterone levels. However, there is not much evidence to support this theory.

Another theory, which has some facts, is built with an emphasis on the hormone beta-endorphin: it is known to be released during physical activity and triggers the so-called mild intoxication. runner's euphoria. According to this theory, the cause of PMS lies in abnormally low levels of beta-endorphin. In general, many explanations have been proposed, but none of them provide certainty.

Now let's turn to the question of how much PMS is associated with aggression. In the 1960s Research by Katharine Dalton (who coined the term "premenstrual syndrome" in 1953) showed that women committed crimes more often during the perimenstrual period than at other times (which may only mean that they are easier to apprehend during such periods, rather than a greater propensity to commit criminal acts). Another study, a study of girls in a boarding school, found that a disproportionate number of reprimands for bad behavior occurred when the offenders were menstruating. Note that in studies conducted in prison, they did not distinguish between violent and nonviolent crimes, and in school, both disorderly conduct and tardiness were considered disorderly conduct. Thus, it is not yet very clear whether women become more aggressive during their periods or whether women who are naturally aggressive act more assertively during these periods.

Nevertheless, lawyers have been quite successful in using PMS as a valid reason for mitigating punishment and seeking “limitation of liability” in the courts. Here, for example, is the sensational case of Sandy Craddock in 1980: she killed a colleague, and in addition, she could boast a list of more than 30 convictions for theft, arson and assault. At the trial, it was discovered that Sandy, for some unknown reason, but fortunately for herself, for years had carefully recorded in her diary not only the days of her menstruation, but also recorded her trips to the city “in search of crimes.” As it turned out, these days coincided so much that she was given a suspended sentence and prescribed progesterone treatment. But the story didn’t end there: when her doctor reduced her dose of medication, during her next period Sandy was arrested for trying to stab someone with a knife. So what: again conditionally and again drip progesterone.

Indeed, judging by the results of all these studies, a small number of women experience PMS of such intensity that their behavior can be classified as psychotic, and the court must take this into account as a mitigating circumstance. Ordinary pre- and postmenstrual changes in behavior and mood do not particularly correlate with increased aggressiveness.

Translation: Yulia Abolina, Elena Naimark, Doctor of Biology. sciences

Complex treatment

Pathological aggression is associated with clinical patterns of alcohol dependence. To relieve psychopathological symptoms, a complex effect is necessary. Rehabilitation implies not only medical, but also social readaptation.

The duration of treatment depends on the severity of aggression and the stage of alcoholism. Therefore, the rehabilitation program for each patient is drawn up individually. The standard course lasts 12 months, of which the patient spends at least 1 month in hospital treatment. After relief of acute symptoms and withdrawal symptoms, outpatient treatment is possible.

Psychotherapeutic correction is an important stage in treatment. The form of psychotherapeutic intervention is selected individually. Psychotherapy allows you to prevent aggression during remission and correct pathological behavioral reactions.

Goals of psychotherapy in patients with comorbid disorders:

• Awareness of the problem;
• Correction of pathological behavioral patterns;
• Restoration of adaptive functioning of the individual;
• Creating positive attitudes for the stage of sober life;
• Adaptation in society.

Psychotherapeutic correction of aggressive behavior in cases of prevalence of affective disorders implies: reduction of emotional stress, desensitization of negative experience, training in adequate socially acceptable ways of responding in a state of frustration, increasing the ability to self-control, and formation of values.

Approaches to the correction of aggressive behavior of patients with alcoholism in the process of psychopharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. A. S. Dmitriev, Yu. B. Shevtsova, A. S. Indin.

Is it possible to avoid conflict with an addict?

With alcohol dependence, stable pathomechanisms are formed that regulate behavioral reactions. A dependent person is not able to adequately perceive criticism and control outbursts of aggression that are directed at others.

Outbursts of anger are not always justified, but even in this case there is no need to enter into conflict. Such patients can cause serious harm to health. In the case of auto-aggression, the patient is dangerous to himself.

How to behave when in contact with an aggressor:

• Do not enter into conflict - try to remain calm and speak calmly;
• Do not show your fear - do not panic;
• Do not use active gestures when talking with the aggressor;
• Do not allow the aggressor to develop a conflict - leave the house or room.

Patients with auto-aggressive behavior have identical individual psychological characteristics and socio-psychological characteristics. Characteristic psychological features are suspicion and verbal aggression. Patients are prone to increased impulsive reactivity in the sphere of drives, and their mood is prone to sudden changes. Impulsivity or agitation is difficult to control and such outbursts can be dangerous to others.

Auto-aggressive behavior of patients with alcoholism and drug addiction. A. N. Gryaznov, V. Sh. Maslennikova, V. A. Bogovarova.