Preparation for the Unified State Exam in social studies on the topic “Self-knowledge, self-awareness. Worldview"

Preparation for the Unified State Exam in social studies on the topic “Self-knowledge, self-awareness. Worldview"

Lesson with 11th grade graduates taking the Unified State Exam in social studies.

Topic: Self-knowledge, self-awareness. Worldview.

Concept of consciousness

Consciousness

- this is a person’s ability to reflect objective reality in sensual and logical images.

Consciousness includes many mental processes and states: knowledge, experiences, memories, premonitions, ideals, motives, imagination, intuition.

From the definition of consciousness it follows that it is supposedly passive, is only a “mirror” reflecting the objective world. However, it is not. Human consciousness is always active (see more details), i.e. Having started with a reflection of the external world, with sensory impressions, this “mirror” then lives its own life and reflects the external world not as it is, but in a very distorted form.

The same event (for example, summer rain) for one person (an optimist) is a reason to rejoice at the change from heat to coolness, and for another person (a pessimist) it is a reason to be sad about a rainy summer. Different needs also refract everyday situations in different ways, as evidenced by the saying: for some (the rich) pearls are small, but for others (the poor) cabbage soup is thin.

So, the activity of human consciousness means, figuratively speaking, that it is not just a mirror, but a crooked mirror that refracts the world in accordance with the individual characteristics of the individual.

Properties of consciousness

1. Activity

   – consciousness purposefully reflects the world and serves as the basis for human transformative activity.

2. Subjectivity

   – the consciousness of each person is a unique combination of mental processes, which depends on the individual characteristics of the person and on the social conditions surrounding him.

3. Selectivity

   – the consciousness of each person does not concentrate on all objects of the world, but only on those that are interesting to him for some reason (need, inclination, sense of duty, etc.).

4. Creativity

   – consciousness tends to try to bring something new into the world (see Creativity for more details).

Functions of consciousness

1. Active-reflective

   – consciousness reflects the world around us (see more details);

2. Cognitive

   – consciousness accumulates knowledge about the world;

3. Communicative

   – consciousness gives a person a language, a system of symbols with the help of which he reflects the world;

4. Active-converting

   – consciousness is the basis of human activity (see Activities for more details);

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5. Explanatory

   – consciousness strives to understand the world;

6. Structural-critical

   – consciousness strives to change the world.

7. Value-orientation

   – consciousness evaluates the phenomena of reality, determines its attitude towards them;

8. Managerial (or regulatory)

   – consciousness allows a person to control his behavior.

Types of consciousness

Depending on its carrier, consciousness is divided into:

1. Individual consciousness

   - consciousness inherent in every individual person.

2. Social consciousness

   - consciousness characteristic of society as a whole.

Comparison of individual and social consciousness:
Levels of consciousness and their relationship
Depending on the depth of comprehension, 2 levels of consciousness are distinguished:

1. Ordinary consciousness

   – is formed spontaneously in the everyday life and practical activities of people, characterized by a sensual nature, shallow penetration into the essence of processes. Ordinary consciousness is mosaic, blurred, and often contradictory.

2. Theoretical consciousness

   – is formed purposefully among professionals in one or another field of human activity, scientists, political leaders, philosophers, and is distinguished by its rational character, deep, essential reflection of social and natural phenomena. Theoretical consciousness is systematic, clearly explained, and demonstrative.

Ordinary and theoretical consciousness are related in the same way as the sensory and rational levels of cognition. Ordinary consciousness (like sensory cognition) is a superficial but necessary level of cognition, since it provides primary information about the world. And theoretical consciousness (like rational knowledge) comprehends, explains and clarifies the facts, emotions, and reactions of people accumulated in ordinary consciousness.

There is no insurmountable gap between ordinary and theoretical consciousness. A mathematical scientist has a theoretical understanding of the most complex scientific problems and at the same time has a very ordinary idea of ​​​​how to handle a hammer.

In addition, these levels of consciousness can influence each other. On the one hand, the skills and knowledge of theoretical consciousness inevitably penetrate everyday consciousness, enriching it. On the other hand, the phenomena of everyday consciousness pose new questions to theoretical consciousness, revealing to it the real needs and desires of society, from which scientists or elites are often divorced.

Social psychology and ideology and their relationship

Both ordinary and theoretical levels of consciousness have their own expression:

1. Social psychology

   - this is a set of feelings, moods, customs, traditions, motivations characteristic of a given society as a whole and for large social groups. Social psychology expresses the everyday level of consciousness, because develops spontaneously, under the influence of specific historical conditions of social life. Therefore, the psychology of different social groups is usually different. For example, in the Middle Ages, the “noble class” of nobles experienced a superiority complex over the “common people” of peasants.

2. Social ideology, or simply ideology

   is a system of theoretical views in which the goals of people’s social activities, their relationship to reality and to each other are recognized and assessed. Ideology expresses the theoretical level of consciousness. It is formed purposefully, by specially trained professionals (ideologists): scientists, political and religious leaders, philosophers, journalists, poets and writers. See more about political ideologies.

Social psychology and ideology are related in the same way as the sensory and rational levels of cognition. Social psychology directly reflects the external manifestations of social reality and becomes the material for the emergence of a corresponding ideology. Ideology clarifies what is vaguely grasped by psychology and penetrates more deeply and clearly into the essence of phenomena.

Concept of the unconscious

Unconscious

– these are mental phenomena and processes that influence human behavior, but are not conscious of it.

A person has unconscious memory, unconscious thinking, unconscious motivation, unconscious sensations, etc. Often the unconscious manifests itself in the form of slips of the tongue, slips of the tongue, forgetting, fantasies, dreams, reveries or dreams.

Leading researchers of the unconscious: Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud and Swiss psychologist Carl Jung.

Self-awareness and self-knowledge The concept of self-awareness

A person is aware not only of the world, but also of himself. This phenomenon is called self-awareness.

Self-awareness

- this is a person’s awareness of his inner world, his activities and social status.

Concept of self-knowledge

Self-knowledge

- this is a person’s knowledge of himself, his individual qualities.

Ways of self-knowledge:

1. Through introspection,
2. Through knowing other people,
3. Through activity and communication.

The result of self-knowledge is self-esteem.

Self-esteem concept

Self-esteem

- This is a person’s emotional attitude towards his image.

Types of self-esteem:

1) Realistic,

2) Unrealistic:

• overpriced,
• understated.

Worldview Concept of worldview

Worldview

– this is a holistic system of human ideas about the world (i.e. about nature, society and man).

A worldview can be characteristic of both an individual and an entire society.

Worldview structure

1. knowledge,
2. principles,
3. ideas,
4. beliefs,
5. norms,
6. spiritual values.

All these elements form a single and usually consistent stable system of views.

Signs of worldview

1. It historically

   , i.e. connected with the history of society, with the level of its development.

2. It personally

   , i.e. determined by the individual qualities and motives of the individual.

Ways to form a worldview

1. Spontaneously

   , i.e. in everyday life, of course.

2. Consciously

   , i.e. when a person purposefully forms his views in pursuit of some goals.

Types of worldview (different classifications)

1) By type of knowledge:

• Ordinary, or everyday,
• Religious,
• Philosophical,
• Scientific.

2) According to the source of belief:

• Dogmatism is blind acceptance of faith without evidence,
• skepticism is in everything, denial,
• criticism is taking it on faith only after proof.

3) According to the central concept:

• Theocentrism,
• Anthropocentrism,
• Sociocentrism,
• Science-centrism.

4) In relation to progress:

• Progressive,
• Reactionary.

5) By preferred method of progress:

• Revolutionary,
• Conservative.

6) According to the mood:

• Optimism,
• Pessimism.

Functions of worldview

1. It gives a person goals.
2. It indicates acceptable means of achieving them.
3. It gives a person values ​​and ideals.

Self-concept

In the process of interaction with the outside world, a person distinguishes himself from other people, feels himself to be an object of his physical and mental processes, acts for himself as an “I” that opposes others and at the same time is inextricably linked with them.

The image of “I”, “ I-concept ” is a relatively stable, not always conscious, unique set of a person’s ideas about himself, on the basis of which he bases relationships with others. “I-concept” is formed under the influence of:

• past experience;
• successes and failures;
• relationships of other people to a person, especially in childhood;
• own appearance.

Conclusion

At the end of this article, I would like to add that the full realization of one’s “I”: aspirations, desires, as well as other factors, is the final result that one must strive to achieve. It is necessary to realize that individuality is not bad - it is the norm. We don't have to be all random. With such success, including desire, we will simply begin the process of complete degradation of all humanity.

Only through individualization are we able to realize ourselves as individuals , trying on different images. Look for your unique style and path. Self-knowledge as a component of self-awareness helps us avoid cliches, open our “shell”, accept and love ourselves as we are. Remember how we previously described the influence of self-esteem on a person’s willingness to develop. Help yourself become a level higher in your aspirations, become a little better!

Topics: Goals and desires, Personal growth, Self-esteem, Self-realization

Freudianism in Jung's theory

The ego is the core of all consciousness . Includes the presence of such internal resources as: thoughts, feelings, desires, emotions and memories. With their help, the individual feels whole and also perceives himself as a full-fledged unit of society. All these sensations, especially knowing yourself at this level, provide a chance to study the results of your conscious activity ;

Personal conscious – analysis of current problems, possible experiences that need to be overcome here and now. Consciously aimed at the possibility of solving problems, using various tactics of action, thus continuing learning. According to Jung's theory, the personal conscious is the tip of the iceberg itself, which does not bring significant discomfort, but rather the irritation of an unresolved problem. The third component is another matter.

Personal unconscious - all previously experienced conflicts, emotional upheavals, any other shocks that have been forgotten after some time, but are deeply rooted in our subconscious. This statement is similar to Freud's, but Jung's theory has a deeper meaning. It says that hidden complexes, the presence of which we may not even suspect, can cause us significant trouble. Affect the behavior of the individual as a whole.

For example, a person who has strived for power all his conscious and unconscious life is absolutely incapable of working in a team and obeying orders. He forgets that in order to achieve his dream of power, he must go through all stages of development, starting from the very bottom. Of course, only by getting into trouble will he be able to realize the wrongness of his actions and try to correct them.

Stages of development of self-knowledge

The process of human self-knowledge is a multi-level algorithm, all links of which are interconnected. It is impossible to move on to the next stage without completely completing the previous one. There are only four levels, or let’s call them stages, of self-knowledge:

1. Sensual – the most primitive level. We are able to feel the necessary, disturbing processes in our body, to feel the simplest mental influences from the outside. At this level, the features of a person’s self-knowledge are practically invisible. A person is indistinguishable from other representatives of his own kind;
2. Personal - at this stage a person becomes more and more selfish. He is fixated on his inner experiences, awareness of himself as an individual, who has both negative and positive character traits;
3. Analytical with an intellectual bias - awareness of one's own thought processes, using tools such as introspection and observation. The subject is more and more interested in direct contemplation from a distance rather than active participation. This moment can be compared to the chrysalis of a butterfly, which is almost ready to reveal itself to the world in all its inherent beauty;
4. Active – the merging of all three previous levels of self-knowledge. With the achievement of practical perfection in the use of self-criticism and self-control. There is also an absolute loss of fear of any form of self-expression.

Common Mistakes

In developing self-awareness, a person makes the following mistakes:

1. Labeling. They oversimplify reality and interfere with adequate thinking.
2. Deafness to feedback. Often other people are better able to see positive and negative qualities. You need to be able to analyze yourself, but take what other people have said as initial information.

Thus, self-awareness is the most important characteristic of a person, distinguishing him from animals. Self-knowledge is a process that allows you to understand what a person is like. It mediates development and helps to correctly analyze psychological experience for further search for ways of self-development.

Types of self-awareness

Self-control - what is it in psychology, definition

Self-awareness is a more general category. The following levels, forms and types of self-knowledge are distinguished (they manifest themselves to different degrees in different people):

1. Self-control. It is managing your thoughts and actions based on the demands of society and personal goals.
2. Self-knowledge is food for the other components of self-awareness. As a result of this process, a person understands what his goals, values, and motives are. Self-control is carried out on their basis. For example, achieving any goal requires getting rid of immediate pleasures. To protect yourself from harmful but pleasant things, you need self-control. First you have to understand why you should suffer so much in the short term. An example of self-knowledge is meditation, when constant observation of oneself occurs.
3. Self-esteem is a person’s determination of the extent of his ability to achieve a goal, the quality of actions performed, the significance of his actions, etc. It is not always an obligatory component of self-awareness at the current moment in time. For example, a person can observe his inner world directly, without evaluating his thoughts and emotions.
4. Self-acceptance.

Clarification of the inner world

Self-knowledge, as the basis of self-awareness, occurs as a result of:

1. Analyzing the consequences of one’s own actions and relationships with other people. A person compares his actions with social norms, as a result he defines his behavior as right or wrong, useful or harmful.
2. Analysis of other people's assessments, i.e. how actions are evaluated by other people.
3. Observations of your inner world. It can be carried out both directly at the moment of activity or communication with other people, and as a result of the analysis of memories.

According to Varlamova, self-knowledge is a creative search in solving personal difficulties.

Dualistic gradations at the basis of harmony

Anima and animus - Jung did not call for dividing a person according to gender. In his understanding, ideal and enlightenment could only be achieved by those who skillfully combine the masculine and feminine principles. This statement was based on the myth of the Greek character Hermaphroditus, who was able to achieve complete harmony with himself and feel all the joy of life by merging his body (not only figuratively, but also literally) with a woman, thus experiencing an extraordinary feeling of fullness and unity.

Introvert and extrovert - a person’s life positions have a very significant impact on his ability to self-knowledge. Their internal predisposition is either to actively cooperate with society or to avoid any contact with it. All this has a significant impact on one’s readiness for personal development.

For example, introverts go through all stages much easier than extroverts, explaining all this by the fact that they are more inclined to deep thought and detachment. Do you know that going deeper into yourself and your thoughts is necessary at all stages of self-knowledge. Therefore, self-knowledge as a component of self-awareness is more accessible to introverts than to extroverts. But at the same time, the latter make contact with others much easier and more skillfully, achieving their goals with the help of society.

Types of social behavior

Social behavior is understood as a person’s behavior in society, which should influence him and those around him in general.

Social behavior is divided into types:

• helping;
• prosocial/asocial – the main motive for actions is goodness;
• deviant/deviant – illegal;
• group – common actions of a group of individuals;
• mass – the masses are active, but are not organized and do not have a specific task.

There are important types of social behavior that are associated with:

• uncertainty, self-confidence;
• the desire to achieve power, to be successful;
• a manifestation of humanism, enmity and friendship, evil and good.

Glossary of terms and their relationships

The term “self-knowledge” itself has ancient roots, the beginning of which leads us along the road to deep antiquity. This saying was first attributed to the Greek philosopher Plato in his famous treatise Protagoras.

Self-knowledge is a personal study of physical and psychological characteristics, analysis of one’s own feelings and emotions. The process of self-knowledge of a person begins from infancy, when he begins to feel his body and react to the environment, and ends only at the end of a person’s life path - his physical death.

Of course, the process of self-development would be absolutely impossible without another manifestation of an important component of human nature - consciousness. These terms are closely related; it would even be correct to note that the first is a logical continuation of the second. Consciousness is a manifestation of the highest form of human development. With his active assistance, everyone is able to evaluate their own, as well as the activities of individual representatives of society, their model of communication and behavior.

The next term that we will need to study the basics of personal development is “self-esteem” - one of the components of self-awareness, in fact, an adequate assessment of oneself without any warnings. The influence of self-esteem on self-knowledge is an important factor. It is necessary to take into account that without a sober assessment of oneself, which excludes unnecessary exaggeration and belittlement, personal development is simply impossible. It comes in several varieties:

• The current one is an assessment of one’s own actions, including misconduct. With all this, there is no emotional coloring; in this case, cold logic plays the dominant role;
• Adequate - critical, but at the same time correct identification of one’s own shortcomings and the search for ways to eradicate them;
• Inadequate is an absolutely biased description of oneself. Assigning consciously negative qualities to oneself, while making no attempt to correct anything;
• Personal self-esteem – determining the level of self-satisfaction in all its manifestations.