The Internet has made information accessible. It is enough to connect to the World Wide Web from a smartphone or personal computer, and then start searching for the desired content. You can watch movies, read books or chat on social networks with friends. However, the virtual world is full of dangers. Therefore, adults and children need to know the rules of safe behavior on the Internet.
The main danger of the Internet is the loss of personal data
What rules should you follow when using the Internet?
Sometimes parents do not understand the dangers of the Internet. Not every person online is kind. Some scammers lure out personal information, others first scam children into intimate photographs and then blackmail them.
This is why the rules for using the Internet are so important:
- You must create a new password for each account. It must be complex: consist of at least 8 characters, include numbers, letters of different case, special characters (tilde, forward and backslash, plus, equal sign). Passwords like “12345678” or “Maria1990” are easy to guess and hack.
- Always use antivirus. The program must be updated regularly. Attackers regularly improve their skills. Therefore, you may not even notice how a malicious program gets onto your computer along with a document.
- Use two-step verification. Especially for postal and online banking accounts. In addition to entering your login and password, you will need to specify a code - it is sent as an SMS message.
- Do not click on dubious links, especially if the text of the letter or message promises an expensive gift or cash payments.
- Limit personal information. Parents should explain to their child what is acceptable to share on the Internet and what is not. For example, you should not publicly leave your residential address. You need to be more careful with geolocation marks - public places can be added, private places cannot.
Important! Trust is the basis of security. If its level is high, then the child will always come to his parents for help.
Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and bee venom
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2021 (COVID-19), a respiratory infection that was first detected in Wuhan province in China in late 2021 and became a global pandemic in 2020. COVID-19 poses enormous public health challenges, including a large number of asymptomatic cases. Scientists are looking for various ways to combat the infection. The scientific review “Bee venom and SARS-CoV-2”, published by the scientific publishing house Elsevier, is devoted to the ability of domestic bee venom to resist the epidemic.
Course of the COVID-19 disease
Severe SARS-CoV-2 infections are characterized by cytokine storm syndrome, hyperinflammation, and multiple organ failure. Host cells are infected through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor, which is associated with both innate and acquired immunity. ACE2 is thought to enhance viral replication and host cell invasion and is a major component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), interacting with cardiovascular enzymes to trigger a cascade of cardiovascular disease. ACE2 may be the reason why patients with SARS-CoV-2 require pharmacological thrombosis prophylaxis. The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 involves viral binding to epithelial cells and local spread with minimal innate immune response.
The second stage of infection is characterized by increased spread of the virus, an active immune response, spread of the virus to the lower respiratory tract and may include the cardiovascular and digestive systems.
The third stage involves hypoxia, infiltration of the entire respiratory system, and finally acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is potentially fatal. SARS-CoV-2 is associated with coagulopathies, thrombotic events, and lymphocyte depletion.
Coronavirus treatment protocols
There is currently no generally accepted alternative treatment protocol for SARS-CoV-2, although the administration of polyclonal antibodies shows some promise. The effectiveness of chloroquine and its derivatives in preventing COVID-19 is ongoing, as is famotidine, an antiulcer drug given in high doses for 14 days to control SARS-CoV-2 infection. Remdesivir, which was previously used to treat Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), has been investigated as a drug candidate against SARS-CoV-2. Lopinavir/ritonavir combinations, commonly used to prevent HIV/AIDS, are also being studied for effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2.
Using poison as medicine
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), common in snakes, insects, arachnids, and centipedes, have also been considered for SARS-CoV-2. Bee venom may act as ACE2 inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), although research on bee venom and SARS-CoV-2 is sparse. Snake venom is known to act through phospholipase A2 (PLA2) to produce arachidonic acid, which causes hypotension. In humans, Hymenoptera venom reduces key parameters of the RAAS. The combination of bee venom and propolis has been associated with hypotension in laboratory animals due to decreased serum angiotensin levels, demonstrating a close relationship between bee venom and the ACE2 pathway.
Internet protection tools
It is not enough to know the rules of behavior on the Internet - you need to use special programs and browser extensions. They will help reduce the likelihood of information leakage. If a child uses the computer, you can set up parental controls. It restricts access to certain sites.
You can lock the operating system, then it will be easier to control access
Before using the Internet, you should enable a firewall/firewall - a “wall” between your computer and the network. It may be built into the operating system. For example, Windows has this option. Or you can install third-party software.
Important! Some antivirus programs block clicks on suspicious links and prohibit downloading of dangerous files - this increases the protection of your computer.
After school, a child may want to surf the Internet. Parents need to check their browser history - this will help them understand what exactly they are looking at and whether the sites are safe. If a student has social networks, then you need to look at what exactly he talks about and what content he publishes.
It is advisable to use instant messengers with end-to-end encryption. In them, correspondence is available only to two users; it is impossible to “get” it from the outside. With classic encryption, information is stored on the server in an unprotected form. Therefore, an attacker can take possession of it.
There are browser extensions that warn you when you visit dangerous sites. They can also notify that a person has accessed a “copy” of known resources.
The effect of bee venom on the body
Bee venom therapy dates back to the era of Hippocrates, where it was used to relieve joint pain and arthritis. In modern medicine, bee venom is used to treat multiple sclerosis, arthritis and Parkinson's disease. The activity is based on the positive effects of the anaphylactic reaction on metabolism and organelles, especially the respiratory system. Bee venom demonstrates effectiveness against HIV , and its effectiveness against H1N1 provides hope for additional therapy for protection against SARS-CoV-2. Allergens may help fight COVID-19. Bee venom can cause an increase in specific IgE and IgG antibodies and leads to the production of IgE antibodies that can react to various antigens. Although IgE is responsible for allergy outbreaks, it also plays a protective role against a wide range of allergens.
Bee venom can act as an adjuvant in combination with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and modulate the immune system, enhance the differentiation of foxP3-expressing cells and increase circulating regulatory T cells. Bee venom causes an increase in CD25, CD4+ T cells, and foxP3 mRNA, resulting in a shift in the bee venom-specific IgG4/IgE ratio.
Bee venom regulates the immune response and physiopathological changes and supports clinical observations in apitherapy, where immunity against COVID-19 was shown by beekeepers in Wuhan Province, People's Republic of China.
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) bee venom can trigger mast cell maturation, plays an important role in cell signaling and for the production of key lipids, and can act as a receptor ligand. PLA2 can inhibit the flow of inflammatory cells to targets.
Bee venom can lead to long-term induced tolerance to related allergens, such as the function of reducing IgG4 levels and activating IL-10, modulating the immune system and inducing TH2 to TH1 bias.
Melittin (APi M 1) can be used to create mimotopes. The bee venom component APi M 10 (icarapine) activates effector cells in patients with bee venom allergy. Since IgE has an epitope for APi M 10, this may provide an opportunity for adjuvant development. Bee venom antigens can be used as adjuvants for pain relief, and the effect of melittin on the formation of cell membrane pores, leading to apoptosis, serves to enhance adjuvant properties.
Bee venom also has antiviral properties. Bee venom can desensitize mast cells and basophils and suppress innate lymphoid cells. Bee venom components can inhibit protein synthesis, induce angiogenesis, and activate caspase-3-8-9.
Objectionable Content
When parents decide to make the Internet safe for a teenager, they are faced with a problem: which sites should be considered bad. There is a clear answer: those selling drugs, firearms, etc. It is advisable to block resources with pornography, videos of murders, and bullying.
Parental controls can be used from primary school onwards. They start turning it on when the child uses the Internet himself. No adult supervision. Even an accidental click on a banner can lead to shocking content.
Important! Parental control does not involve manually entering addresses. The program itself analyzes the resource and makes a decision about blocking.
Adolescence is a difficult stage for a child. Parents may feel that monitoring him at this time is unnecessary. It's a delusion. A child may, without knowing it, give away valuable information to a stranger. For example, family income level. Therefore, control over the child is the norm.
Toxicity of bee venom against COVID-19
Bee venom is cytotoxic at high doses, however non-cytotoxic concentrations of bee venom ranging from 1 to 3 μg/ml show significant therapeutic potential. Low doses, controlled concentrations and diluted bee venom produce a range of anti-inflammatory responses and are used to treat diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), heart disease, obesity, asthma, skin diseases and diseases of the central nervous system, nervous system diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and sclerosis. At low doses, bee venom can suppress inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Reductions in signaling pathways responsible for the activation of inflammatory cytokines such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and protein kinase Akt and lipopolysaccharide (PgLPS)-treated human keratinocytes were associated with treatments including bee venom
Bee venom has been used as an anti-inflammatory agent by combining bee venom compounds, i.e. secretory phospholipase A2, with phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate or cells, mainly dendritic cells (DCs), or combining bee venom with DCs. Conjugation of hormone receptors and gene therapy transporters to bee venom peptides as a useful new targeted therapy to positively modulate immune responses has been applied in antitumor and anti-inflammatory therapy.
The bees left their stings on the beekeeper's hand. Three bee stings are a good “vaccination”!
Immune responses to bee venom are toxic in high doses, but when controlled or diluted (controlled concentrations), these immune responses can serve as immunomodulators. Controlled allergic immunity may be useful in protecting the patient from antigens and pathogens, including RNA viruses. Bee venom can stimulate type 2 immune responses, type 2 immunity is initiated by antibodies to T cells (T helper cells type 2) and immunoglobulin (Ig (IgE and IgG1), as well as the action of the innate immune system such as epithelium and white blood cells and serves as a protective barrier to eliminate antigens. Group III BV SPLA2 exhibits effects on the immune system in vitro and in vivo. Modulated immune responses from bee venom may alleviate immunological diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory diseases, asthma and Parkinson's disease. Innate immune system induces protective immune response against bee venom antigens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors found in molecular patterns associated with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).Bee venom in therapeutic disease is an anti-inflammatory agent that reduces the number of infiltrated inflammatory cells and the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 inhibition and CD14. Bee venom also inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein (AP)-1 binding potential. The human IL-1 receptor (anakinra) also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity, but information linking this receptor and bee venom remains sparse.
Bee venom phospholipase 2 (bvPLA2) is a major bee venom allergen and stimulates the innate immune system by binding to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors, which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), triggering a type 2 immune response. . bvPLA2 induces T helper cell and group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2)-type responses, which are facilitated by the enzymatic breakdown of membrane phospholipids and the secretion of IL-33. bvPLA2 also induces the production of IgE, which has been shown to protect against future allergic/immunological reactions (in the case of a lethal dose of bee venom). PLA2 plays a vital role in patient protection in Th2 differentiation, ILC2 activation, immunoglobulin production, membrane remodeling and anti-inflammatory responses.
Bee venom shows a positive immunomodulatory role, reducing tumor progression and activating the immune system by combining bvPLA2 with phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate or cells, mainly dendritic cells (DCs). DCs produced with bee venom in vivo have both anticancer and antiviral properties. DCs, in combination with tumor or viral antigens, produce major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II peptide epitopes for CD8 and CD4 T lymphocytes.
PLA2 (bvPLA2-H34Q) binds to the membrane and in vivo combines antigens with the membrane of human DC cells, causing stimulation of CD8 T cells, and antiviral and antitumor vaccines (DC vaccine) can be produced from bee venom using DCs. These cell-based antiviral/antitumor vaccines are used during immunization against viruses, including cytomegalovirus, and for tumor suppression. Bee venom is a well-known adjuvant-enhanced antimicrobial and antitumor vaccine. Melittin, bvPLA2 and phosphatidylinositol-(3,4)-bisphosphate are effective adjuvants against leishmania, antitumor and anticytomegalovirus vaccines. Conjugation of bee venom peptides to hormone receptors and gene therapy can positively modulate immune responses. Targeted antitumor and anti-inflammatory treatment methods are used.
Bee venom can be used as an analgesic in controlled doses; inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity and blocking of the prostaglandin synthetase system, resulting in antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive/analgesic cascades. In diluted form, bee venom can cause antinociceptive effects through α-adrenergic receptors (activation of spinal α-adrenergic receptors). Conjugation of bee venom peptides to protein receptors such as hormones and peptide transport genes provides innovative bee venom-controlled anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and immunomodulatory therapies.
Communication on social networks and instant messengers
The rules of behavior on the Internet include not only the concepts of security and confidentiality. Communication with other users is also important. This is especially true for public pages, where there are many different participants.
There is a legal penalty for insulting people on the Internet.
There is no single etiquette for the network. Everyone decides for themselves what to do and what to say. So, someone thinks that on the Internet you can address everyone as “you”, because users are impersonal.
In case of business or work contacts, the usual rules are followed:
- addressed as “you”;
- greet the interlocutor;
- calling a person by name and patronymic;
- if you need to move away, they warn you.
This reminder will make communication easier. Follow similar rules when corresponding by email. You can sign the letter with your first and last name, as well as indicate your contacts.
Internet safety rules must also be followed. Do not send scanned copies of your documents to any people. If this is necessary to conclude an agreement, then be sure to check the company through the Federal Tax Service website. To do this, it is enough to know the name of the director or the name of the legal entity.
The body's response to bee venom
Bee venom therapy may alleviate immune diseases. Bee venom secretory phospholipase A2 exhibits in vitro and in vivo activity in the immune system and is used to treat asthma, Parkinson's disease, and drug-induced organ inflammation. Immune reactions to bee venom can be dangerous when highly elevated, but when controlled, allergic immunity can be beneficial in human defense to stimulate type 2 immune responses. Type 2 immunity is mainly based on barrier defense, and these responses are initiated by T helper type 2 (TH2), immunoglobulins E and G1 (IgE and IgG1), antibodies and other components of the innate immune system (epithelial barriers, innate lymphoid) cells - ILC , eosinophils, mast cells, basophils and activated macrophages). The innate immune system senses venom components, inducing a protective immune response against antigens through pattern recognition receptors (PROs), such as Toll-like receptors found on pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
The anti-inflammatory properties of bee venom can suppress the activity of inflammatory antigens, reduce the number of infiltrated inflammatory cells, and suppress the expression of (TNF)-α, IL-1β, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, and CD14 expression. , inhibiting the binding activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein (AP)-1. The major allergen of Bet V 1, PLA2, stimulates the innate immune system by binding to PRRs, such as Toll-like receptors, which recognize PAMPs, inducing a type 2 immune response. PLA2 in BV induces T helper 2 (Th2) cell type responses and group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) activation through enzymatic degradation of membrane phospholipids and secretion of IL-33. PLA2 induces IgE production, protecting against future allergic/immunological reactions in the event of a lethal dose of bee venom; PLA2 plays a critical role in human defense by enhancing Th2 differentiation, ILC2 activation, immunoglobulin production, membrane remodeling, and anti-inflammatory responses.
Dangers and threats on the Internet for children
Adults and children need to know the rules of safe behavior on the Internet. This guarantees the safety of privacy, finances and health. For example, criminals use social networks to determine income levels and find out family schedules. And this is not the only danger.
Important! In correspondence, a person can introduce himself as anyone. Therefore, the child must be taught caution.
Tools for implementing parental controls:
- Provider. Some provide a service to restrict access to resources. It is enough to enable it in your personal account.
- Programs. There are paid and free ones, with different customization options. With their help, they limit visits to only specific sites or certain topics.
- Personal actions. Parents can limit Internet access by time. For example, only 2 hours and after that the router turns off or the smartphone is handed over to an adult.
- Set of rules. In order to maintain order in the family, strict conditions are needed. At the same time, everyone follows them, for example, they do not use smartphones during family dinner.
The virtual world can worsen family relationships
Anti-inflammatory potential of bee venom
Low doses of bee venom produce a range of anti-inflammatory responses that have been studied in diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), heart disease, obesity, asthma, skin diseases and diseases associated with the central nervous system (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc.) sclerosis). Bee venom suppresses inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Reductions in signaling pathways responsible for the activation of inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), protein kinase Akt, and human Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (PgLPS) keratinocytes are associated with melittin treatment (65 ) (Fig. 2).
Beware of Phishing
Be very careful when entering your personal and financial data, such as card numbers, bank accounts, addresses, into the fields of online forms. The basic principle is “report only what is really necessary.” In addition to phishing, companies may also pursue other goals, trying to find out as much as possible about you: what kind of spam to send you, and so on.
Typical user mistakes
The most common mistakes made by Internet users include the following:
- use of profanity;
- inciting disputes and strife, insulting people;
- theft, fraud, deception;
- conversations on abstract topics in inappropriate places.
The concept of “ethical code of online communication” appeared relatively recently. But the foundation for it was laid 2 decades ago, when the World Wide Web became a place for active communication between representatives of different cultures, states, faiths, social groups and professions.
The emergence of virtual ethics is explained by the need for a single standard of communication acceptable to every member of the online community.
Bee venom vaccines
Bee venom can suppress tumor progression and activate the immune system by combining the secretory phospholipase A2 in BV with compounds including phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate or dendritic cells (DCs). DCs treated with bee venom in vivo exhibit anticancer and antiviral properties. DCs in combination with tumor or viral antigens can produce class I and class II major histocompatibility complex peptide epitopes on CD8 and CD4 T lymphocytes, leading to a series of immune responses in response to the antigens. Phospholipase A2 BV (bvPLA2-H34Q) is membrane bound and binds antigens within the cell membrane of human DCs in vivo. This induces recognition and activation of CD8 T cells, implying that antiviral and antitumor vaccines can be derived from bee venom (DC vaccine).
Bee venom and DC vaccines (cellular antiviral/antitumor vaccines) are used for immunization against viruses such as cytomegalovirus and for tumor suppression. Bee venom can be used as a potent adjuvant-enhanced antimicrobial and antitumor vaccine and shows potential in melittin-containing vaccines. sPLA2 and phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate are effective adjuvants (leishmania vaccines, antitumor and anticytomegalovirus vaccines).
The leading adjuvant therapy for SARS-CoV-2 currently being promoted is aluminum hydroxide due to its slow release and increased interaction with antigen-presenting cells.
Bee venom is a candidate for combating SARS-CoV-2 infections and may provide benefits against COVID-19. PLA2 has been associated with the level of success in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infections. Conjugation of bee venom peptides may offer a new approach to developing a bee venom vaccine.
