Logical thinking: how to develop in children and adults

Logical thinking is a sequence of reasoning that plays a big role in everyday life. It helps solve business issues, find technical solutions, cope with everyday tasks, and communicate effectively with people.

Logic helps the brain prevent errors that occur despite knowledge and experience. In the article you will find useful tips on how to learn to think logically if you are not convincing enough for your interlocutors and often contradict yourself.

What is logical thinking

The concept is conventionally divided into two components: thinking and logic. The first is the process of obtaining and analyzing information, searching for connections between objects, events, and other parts of reality. For its correct operation, logic is needed, otherwise the detected connections will be erroneous and will not be able to reflect the true state of affairs.

Logic has several definitions, some of which are related to the translation of the word denoting it from Greek. Generally speaking, this is the science of the intellectual mental activity of the brain. Its main task is to find a way out of the situation using the existing premises, and also, through reflection, to better understand the features and nuances of any subject.

The above helps explain what logical thinking is. It is a thought process that requires the application of logical concepts. It requires evidence and prudence. Designed to draw a conclusion based on premises.

Logical thinking has five properties:

It is formed exclusively experimentally. A person found himself in a certain situation, found a way out of it, faced the consequences and made a series of conclusions. This process is called empirical knowledge.
It is an acquired, not an innate quality of a person.
Many people unconsciously avoid developing logic, not wanting to leave their comfort zone.
Logic sometimes pushes people to inhumane acts, since it is akin to cynical calculation. Together, these two concepts relegate self-sacrifice and philanthropy to last place. A good example is maniacs with a disturbed psyche. Actions that are scary for a normal person are quite logical for them.
Logic is clearly visible in science. Take, for example, the axioms, deviation from which is usually called a disorder.

Logical thinking is a tool for processing information and forming conclusions. Thanks to him, a person analyzes, evaluates what is happening around him, and also competently presents the information received to his interlocutor.

Types of logical operations

These are mental actions combined with concepts.

Comparison is a logical operation that compares different objects. In this way, the similarities and differences between them are determined. For example, carrots, beets, and potatoes are vegetables, but they differ in color, but beets and potatoes have a similar round shape. If you think further, you can find even more common features and qualities that speak of difference. Comparison allows you to find out the unique and common features of any object.
Abstraction highlights the individual property of an object , regardless of other nearby existing objects. Any object has shape, color and properties, but these criteria cannot exist without an object. And yet, the exact sciences make it possible, using abstraction, to study the above-mentioned parameters separately from the object that possesses them.
A generalization unites and transfers a certain statement to other subjects. For example, if you study the properties of three quadrilaterals at once, you can conclude that this also applies to other quadrilaterals. Another illustration of a generalization: when we enter an apartment from the cold, we feel warm. Our consciousness is immediately visited by the information that in other rooms it should not be colder than in the corridor. The opposite of generalization is specification . This logical operation transfers a general statement to a specific object. For example, all living beings take food. If an unknown creature is discovered, it may also consume food.
Analysis deals with the decomposition of an object or phenomenon into separate parts. This way, the connection between the parts of an object is clarified, as well as the structure of the object or phenomenon. For example, the composition of an acid can be understood by breaking it down into its elements.
Synthesis, on the other hand, combines parts of something into a whole (for example, oxygen and hydrogen to make water). And to achieve the truth, human consciousness also needs the ability to combine several thoughts into a single concept.

Components of logical thinking

As stated above, thinking and logic are tools for obtaining and processing information. The process involves creating a certain image that allows you to imagine an object or person located in another place. It comes in several types.

Figurative-logical thinking

In another way it is called visual-figurative. It is a thought process during which a person visually plays out the current situation. Essentially, it is imagination that allows you to recreate vivid, realistic pictures in your brain. The development of this type of logic begins at about one and a half years.

You can check the presence of this ability using the Raven test. The psychologist shows the person sixty tables, each of which contains several pictures without text. They have some kind of connection with each other. At the bottom there are up to 8 figures, one of which is missing. The subject should identify the pattern and find the required detail.

Abstract logical thinking

Allows you to think using abstract images that do not exist in nature. This is an excellent opportunity to simulate relationships both with real people and with non-existent objects invented by the brain.

This type of thinking consists of three elements: understanding, reasoning, and inference.

Verbal and logical thinking

This is a way of thinking using linguistic means, constructions from words. Requires good command of the conversational genre.

Verbal and logical thinking will be needed in many areas of life, for example, when speaking in front of an audience, writing texts, and in disputes. The list can include all situations in which you need to correctly express your thoughts.

Law of the excluded middle

If one of two propositions is a negation of the other, then they cannot be false at the same time. At least one must be true.

This law is closely related to the previous one. They are similar, but there is a difference. Here we consider statements that deny each other (“A” and “not A”), and not contradictions.

Here's an example : Vasya says that Petya stole an apple. Petya claims that he did not do this. There is no third option here; one of the statements must be true. This is an example of using the law of excluded middle.

Applying logic

Logic and thinking are used in almost all areas of life. They will be needed by humanists, economists and businessmen, speakers, and artists. Only in some cases will they be strict and formalized (technology, mathematics). Others will require more imagination. With its help, a person analyzes the facts and draws conclusions.

Knowledge of the surrounding world is based on all types of logical thinking. They help you learn a number of useful life techniques:

choose the path leading to the correct conclusion;
think quickly and fruitfully;
present information clearly;
protect yourself from misconceptions;
see and correct errors in other people's thinking.

Logic also makes it possible to quickly find arguments and use them in a dispute.

Application (areas and areas of use)

The ability to think logically is necessary in almost any activity .
In technical sciences, strict and formalized logic is used. In other cases, it provides a person with useful examples to draw the desired conclusions. How is logical thinking different from intuition? We often try to think logically on an intuitive level, but not everyone succeeds equally well. By connecting the logical apparatus, it is still more convenient to understand exactly what mental techniques we use.

This is how people can think:

faster and better, more accurately;
express your thoughts more competently and clearly;
avoid self-deception;
identify your own and others’ mistakes;
resist sophistry and demagoguery;
select the necessary arguments to convince other people.

Features of the development of logical thinking

A person of any age has the ability to receive and analyze information. To put it simply, absolutely everyone can think, since it is an innate function of the brain.

With the help of different parts of logic, a person thinks, plans, makes decisions, and corrects behavior. It turns out that you can develop and train logical thinking.

The process of learning the basics of logic consists of four parts:

theory;
generalization, comparison and specification of information;
accurate presentation of thoughts;
training in the ability to recognize misconceptions in a timely manner and see errors in judgment.

Also, in the process of developing the verbal-logical type of thinking, a person learns to find arguments that can be used in an argument.

Laws of logic (logical knowledge)

The laws of logic are principles by following which the correct conclusion .

There are 4 laws. Sometimes they are violated by accident, and then an erroneous conclusion is obtained - paralogism. Sometimes on purpose, in order to confuse the interlocutor and lead him to a false thought. Then sophisms arise - unreliable conclusions that seem logically correct.

Law of Identity

For those who skipped mathematics at school, let me clarify: identity is equality.

The law goes like this: a concept must retain its original meaning throughout logical reasoning.

Language is multifaceted; almost any word has several meanings. If you replace one value with another in the process, you will get a false logical conclusion.

I’ll show you using the example of a well-known comic riddle: “Why is there water in a glass?” Of course, to drink it. But no, she's behind glass. Here there is a play of meanings, there is no identity (uniqueness). Concepts must not be confused and ambiguity must be avoided.

When logical thinking begins

What is logical thinking? As stated above, this is the ability to analyze information and draw conclusions. It is not innate. The ability to think logically develops as a person grows older.

The first inclinations of logic appear at about one and a half years. This is, one might say, the basic level. A little later, after the child goes to school, he develops an abstract form of logical thinking. And so on.

The development of this type of thinking must begin in childhood. If you solve problems and puzzles with your preschooler, it will be easier for him in adulthood to compare facts and make decisions. Understanding this, specialists include such activities in the kindergarten and school curriculum.

Law of non-contradiction

Two statements that are incompatible with each other cannot be true at the same time. One of them is false, and perhaps both.

So Vasya says that Petya stole the apple. Petya claims that Vasya did it. These statements contradict each other. This means they cannot be true at the same time. But both statements can turn out to be false if there is a third option - in fact, the apple just fell and rolled under the table.

logical contradictions :

contact - the statement is confirmed and immediately refuted (“Am I the sweetest, the most ruddy and the whitest in the world?” © A. S. Pushkin);
distant - contradictory statements are separated by an interval in speech or text;
imaginary - it seems that there is a logical error, but there is none (“I know that I know nothing” © Socrates).

Contact contradictions are immediately evident, but distant ones are difficult to track. For example, an inexperienced speaker begins a speech with one idea, then gets confused and ends up refuting himself.

How to develop logical thinking

There are several development methods. They act comprehensively, improving the ability to think as a whole, and not just some of its individual parts.

Reading

You can get a lot of useful information from books. According to experts, they show how to apply logic in practice. There is much more practical knowledge here than in any specialized reference books.

How to develop logical thinking for an adult with the help of books? Read at least 10 sheets every day. This must be done thoughtfully, evaluating and analyzing each and every line. The ability to think in this situation will improve as the person makes predictions and conclusions regarding the character's future behavior.

The mechanism of action of reading can be understood using the example of teaching young children. Any work consists of three parts: the beginning of the story, the middle, the end. It turns out that in the process the child’s brain learns to build a sequence, look for connections between events, and evaluate the results of certain actions.

You can, of course, replace reading with educational computer games. However, they are less effective. Here the child needs to fulfill one goal, for example, to save the princess. He doesn’t think about how she got into captivity, what will happen to her if she remains in it. You just need to reach the victorious end. In the book, the princess appears as a living character who has a past and a future.

The development of logic in adults occurs in exactly the same way.

Mastering deductive and inductive methods

Both methods have their own characteristics. At the same time, they are effective in the process of training logical thinking.

According to psychology textbooks, deduction is pure logic, requiring truthful facts and arguments. There is a clear example regarding racing cars. A person understands that driving them has a number of features and is not suitable for ordinary car enthusiasts. He considers himself among the latter. Logic combined with deduction helps to understand that he will not be able to drive this vehicle.

The inductive method is based on untrue facts. This is his main danger. A person reasons and makes unfounded decisions. Often they are wrong. In addition, conclusions may exceed the number of facts. This phenomenon is called incomplete induction.

In both cases, thinking develops if you play out certain situations in your head.

Puzzles, crosswords, scanwords, teawords, etc.

The simplest option on how to develop logical thinking. When solving logical problems, a person goes over in his thoughts all the knowledge he has. And if you take Sudoku and Japanese crosswords, all types of logical thinking are included, including abstract and figurative.

An alternative to solving puzzles is making crosswords. Often this is even more difficult than guessing ready-made ones, since you need to think about the correct placement of letters and cells.

This also includes computer tasks for the development of logic, which are suitable for adults and children.

Separate things can be said about logical thinking tasks. They can be humorous (with a trick) or classic. Often these are suggestions to find inappropriate numbers, letters, pictures in a row. Or determine the pattern of numbers. There are several examples:

There is a sequence of numbers: 8, 2, 9, 0, 1, 5, 7, 3, 4, 6. You need to understand why they are located this way. (Answer: written in alphabetical order).
The house has 4 walls. They all face south. A big bear is wandering around. What color is his fur? The answer is white. All walls can only face south at the North Pole.
There are 5 words in a row: herring, whale, shark, tuna, cod. What's extra? The answer is whale. This is a mammal. The rest are fish.

It is recommended to solve such problems together with children.

Introduction to foreign languages

Another exercise for logical thinking. Mastering unfamiliar languages forces the brain to work at full capacity. But what does logical thinking have to do with it? A person has to compare phrases, individual words, and also find commonality between them.

All foreign languages have a completely logical structure. Of course, there are exceptions to the rules. But there are not many of them. A great example is grammar. Studying its basics, a person tries to track the possibility of its use in colloquial speech. And this leads to the development of logic.

To improve your ability to think logically, you can enroll in language courses or use videos from the Internet.

Logical thinking article (grades 1, 2, 3, 4) on the topic

Concept of logical thinking

Before considering the development of logical thinking in children of primary school age, we will define what thinking is as a psychophysiological process as a whole.

Objects and phenomena of reality have such properties and relationships that can be known directly, with the help of sensations and perceptions (colors, sounds, shapes, placement and movement of bodies in visible space), and such properties and relationships that can be known only indirectly and through generalization , i.e. through thinking. Thinking is the mental processes of reflecting objective reality, constituting the highest level of human cognition.

Thinking is the highest cognitive mental process. The essence of this process is the generation of new knowledge based on the creative reflection and transformation of reality by man.

Thinking as a special mental process has a number of specific characteristics and features. The first such sign is a generalized reflection of reality.

The second, no less important, sign of thinking is indirect cognition of objective reality.

The next most important characteristic feature of thinking is that thinking is always associated with the solution of one or another problem that arose in the process of cognition or in practical activity. Thinking always begins with a question, the answer to which is the goal of thinking. Moreover, the answer to this question is not found immediately, but with the help of certain mental operations.

An extremely important feature of thinking is its inextricable connection with speech. We always think in words, i.e. we cannot think without speaking words. So, thinking is a generalized reflected and mediated cognition of reality.

In general, with regard to the concept of “thinking”, several views should be noted.

Firstly, as the explanatory dictionary of S.I. indicates. Ozhegova, thinking is “a person’s ability to reason, which is the process of reflecting objective reality in ideas, judgments, and concepts.” Let's look at this concept.

A person would know very little about the world around him if his knowledge were limited only to the readings of his analyzers. The possibility of deep and broad knowledge of the world opens up human thinking. There is no need to prove that the figure has four corners, since we see this with the help of an analyzer (vision). But we cannot see, hear, or feel that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs. This kind of concept is indirect.

According to E.G. Revina, thinking is the highest level of human knowledge of reality. The sensory basis of thinking is sensations, perceptions and ideas. Through the senses - these are the only channels of communication between the body and the outside world - information enters the brain. The content of information is processed by the brain. The most complex (logical) form of information processing is the activity of thinking. Solving the mental problems that life poses to a person, he reflects, draws conclusions and thereby learns the essence of things and phenomena, discovers the laws of their connection, and then transforms the world on this basis. Thinking is not only closely connected with sensations and perceptions, but it is formed on the basis of them. The transition from sensation to thought is a complex process, which consists, first of all, in isolating and isolating an object or its sign, in abstracting from the concrete, individual and establishing what is essential, common to many objects.

In the works of V.V. Levites thinking acts mainly as a solution to tasks, questions, problems that are constantly put forward to people by life. Solving problems should always give a person something new, new knowledge. Finding solutions can sometimes be very difficult, so mental activity, as a rule, is an active activity that requires focused attention and patience.

Rogov E.I. by thinking is understood the process of cognitive activity of an individual, characterized by a generalized and indirect reflection of reality. Starting from sensations and perceptions, thinking, going beyond the limits of the sensory data, expands the boundaries of our knowledge due to its nature, which allows us to indirectly - by inference - reveal what is not directly given - by perception.

A. V. Petrovsky defines thinking as a socially conditioned, inextricably linked with speech, mental process of searching and discovering something essentially new, a process of mediated and generalized reflection of reality in the course of its analysis and synthesis. Thinking arises on the basis of practical activity from sensory knowledge and goes far beyond its limits.

S.L. Rubinstein interprets thinking as a generalized and indirect cognition of objective reality.

In the Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia, thinking is understood as “the process of human cognitive activity, characterized by a generalized and indirect reflection of objects and phenomena of reality in their essential properties, connections and relationships.”

Traditional definitions in psychological science usually capture two of its essential features:

generality and
mediation.

Thus, thinking is the highest, most generalizing and indirect process of reflection of reality in human consciousness, establishing connections and relationships between cognizable objects and objects, revealing their properties and essence.

During the process of thinking, when external and internal stimuli interact, temporary nerve connections, which are physiological mechanisms of the thinking process, begin to excite and function in the cerebral cortex. The main feature of human thinking is that it is capable of identifying not only random, isolated, but also significant, necessary connections based on real dependencies, separating them from random coincidences. All human thinking occurs in generalizations, moving from the individual to the general and from the general to the individual, notes L.M. Wecker.

Thinking as a process appears most fully when a person solves any problem. This solution can be divided into 4 phases:

the first is the emergence of a difficulty, contradiction, question, problem;
the second is the development of a hypothesis, proposal or project for solving a problem;
third – implementation of the decision;
fourth – verification of the solution by practice and subsequent evaluation.

The success of the task depends on how correctly mental operations are carried out, how various forms and types of thinking are used.

Thinking is a special kind of activity that has its own structure and types.

Most often, thinking is divided into theoretical and practical. At the same time, in theoretical thinking, conceptual and figurative thinking are distinguished, and in practical thinking, visual-figurative and visual-effective.

Conceptual thinking is thinking that uses certain concepts.

Imaginative thinking is a type of thought process that uses images. These images are extracted directly from memory or recreated by imagination.

Visual-figurative thinking is a type of thought process that is carried out directly during the perception of the surrounding reality and cannot be carried out without this.

Visual-effective thinking is a special type of thinking, the essence of which is practical transformative activity carried out with real objects.

So, the thinking:

- this is the highest cognitive process;

is a movement of ideas that reveals the essence of things. Its result is not an image, but a certain thought, an idea;

- this is a theoretical and practical activity that involves a system of tentative-research actions and operations included in it; transformative and educational in nature;

- This is the highest level of human knowledge. Allows you to obtain knowledge about such objects, properties and relationships of the real world that cannot be directly perceived at the sensitive level of cognition.

If a problem is solved using logical reasoning, then the person uses logical thinking.

Artemov A.K. calls logical thinking that proceeds in the form of reasoning, is consistent, consistent, and justified.

Logic studies the logical forms of thinking - concept, judgment, inference. Operating with them reflects the essence of logical thinking.

A concept is a thought that reflects the general, essential and distinctive (specific) characteristics of objects and phenomena of reality. It is customary to distinguish between general and individual concepts.

General concepts are those that cover a whole class of homogeneous objects and phenomena bearing the same name. For example, the concepts of “chair”, “building”, “disease”, etc. General concepts reflect the characteristics characteristic of all objects that are united by the corresponding concept.

Concepts that denote one object are called singular. Single concepts represent a body of knowledge about a single subject, but at the same time they reflect properties that can be covered by another, more general concept. For example, the concept of “Yenisei” includes the fact that it is a river that flows through the territory of Russia.

The content of concepts is revealed in judgments, which are always expressed in verbal form - oral or written, out loud or silently.

Judgment is a reflection of the connections between objects and phenomena of reality or between their properties and characteristics.

Judgments are:

- general;

- private;

- single.

In general judgments, something is affirmed (or denied) regarding all objects of a given group, a given class, for example: “All fish breathe with gills.” In private judgments, affirmation or negation no longer applies to all, but only to some subjects, for example: “Some students are excellent students”; in single judgments - to only one, for example: “This student learned the lesson poorly.”

Thinking is the process of producing conclusions with logical operations on them (Wecker M.L.).

Inference is a form of thinking that allows a person to draw a new conclusion from a series of judgments. In other words, based on the analysis and comparison of existing judgments, a new judgment is made.

There are two main types of inferences: induction and deduction.

Induction is an inference from particular cases to a general position.

Deduction is an inference in which the conclusion is from a general judgment to an individual judgment or from a general position to a particular case.

Analogy is a method of reasoning characterized by the fact that from the similarity of two objects in several characteristics and the presence of an additional characteristic in one of them, a conclusion is drawn about the presence of the same characteristic in the other object.

The mental activity of people is carried out with the help of mental operations: comparison, analysis and synthesis, abstraction, generalization, concretization. All these operations are different aspects of the main activity of thinking - mediation, i.e. disclosure of increasingly significant objective connections and relationships between objects, phenomena, facts.

Comparison is a comparison of objects and phenomena in order to find similarities and differences between them. K.D. Ushinsky considered the comparison operation to be the basis of understanding. He wrote: “... comparison is the basis of all understanding and all thinking. We know everything in the world only through comparison...”

Analysis and synthesis are the most important mental operations that are inextricably linked. In unity they provide complete and comprehensive knowledge of reality.

Analysis is the mental division of an object or phenomenon into its constituent parts or the mental isolation of individual properties, features, and qualities in it.

Synthesis is a mental connection of individual parts of objects or a mental combination of their individual properties.

Abstraction is a mental abstraction from any parts or properties of an object to highlight its essential features.

Generalization is the mental unification of objects and phenomena according to their common and essential characteristics.

Concretization is a mental representation of something individual that corresponds to a particular concept or general position.

The ability to think logically, according to A.V. Petrovsky, includes a number of components: the ability to focus on the essential features of objects and phenomena, the ability to obey the laws of logic, build your actions in accordance with them, the ability to perform logical operations, consciously arguing for them, the ability to build hypotheses and draw consequences from given premises, etc. .d. Therefore, for him, logical thinking includes a number of components: the ability to determine the composition, structure and organization of elements and parts of the whole and focus on the essential features of objects and phenomena; the ability to determine the relationship between a subject and objects, to see their changes over time; the ability to obey the laws of logic, discover patterns and development trends on this basis, build hypotheses and draw consequences from these premises; the ability to perform logical operations, consciously justifying them.

Psychologist L.F. Tikhomirova, in her study on the psychological and pedagogical foundations of schooling, rightly notes that the logic of thinking is not given to a person from birth. He masters it in the process of life, in training. Emphasizing the importance of mathematics in the education of logical thinking, the scientist highlights the general provisions for the organization of such education:

- the duration of the process of developing a culture of thinking, its implementation on a daily basis;

- inadmissibility of errors in the logic of presentation and justification;

-involving children in constant work to improve their thinking, which they would consider as a personally significant task;

-inclusion in the content of the teaching system of certain theoretical knowledge, firstly, knowledge about methods of orientation in performing mental actions.

The development of a child’s logical thinking is a process of transition of thinking from the empirical level of cognition (visual-effective thinking) to the scientific-theoretical level (logical thinking), followed by the formation of a structure of interconnected components, where the components are techniques of logical thinking (logical skills) that provide a holistic functioning of logical thinking.

Thus, logical thinking is a type of thinking, the essence of which is to operate with concepts, judgments, conclusions based on the laws of logic, their comparison and correlation with actions, or a set of mental logically reliable actions or thinking operations connected by cause-and-effect patterns that allow coordinate existing knowledge in order to describe and transform objective reality.

Courses, books for development and training of thinking

It sounds unexpected, but one of the textbooks on developing logical thinking is “Sherlock Holmes” by Arthur Conan Doyle. This book talks about how to use logic in life. Other useful works include:

“Applied Logic” by N. Nepeyvod;
“Textbook of Logic” G. Chelpanov;
“Logic” A. Ivin;
“Fundamentals of logical rhetoric” by A. Matveev, A. Sarapultsev;
“Logic in questions and answers” V. Vechkanov, N. Luchkov.

Reading such literature is an opportunity not only to develop logical thinking, but also to improve deduction, learn to use arguments in a dispute, and make the right decisions.

Object and subject of logic

Like any science, logic has an object and subject of study. The object of logic is human thinking - the display of various phenomena and processes in his thoughts, as well as the construction of conclusions based on existing knowledge about the external world. It should be noted here that thinking is an object not only for logic, but also for a large number of other sciences.

The subject of logic is a system of laws of correct thinking. Essentially, logic studies one aspect of cognitive thinking - the laws and principles leading to the construction of consistent conclusions. And since philosophy studies all aspects of knowledge of the world, logic is a philosophical science.

Useful tips

To develop logic, it is not enough to pay attention to problems, solve puzzles, crosswords, and read specialized literature. There are some more tips:

Left-handers should learn to write with their right hand and vice versa. This will improve the functioning of the less developed part of the brain.
Change the type of activity from time to time. For example, do one thing for an hour or two, and then change jobs.
Read detective stories, trying to predict what the main character and other characters will do in a given case. This process promotes the development of deduction.
Explain your actions and actions. A thorough analysis of daily incidents makes it possible to build logical chains and draw conclusions regarding how best to proceed next time.

It is also worth being outside more often. Walking improves brain function in general.

Knowing whether an argument is valid or not is a valuable skill.

Logic is essentially the study of the validity of argumentation. All people use reasoning to reach conclusions that are useful to them. If your car won't start, you conclude that the battery may not be working. That's why you test the battery. If it works, you conclude that the problem must be somewhere else, most likely the starter. That's why you check the starter. And so on. This example of reasoning is simple, but sometimes the chains of reasoning can become quite complex and confusing. If you practice generating good arguments and spotting bad ones, you can develop a skill that will be useful in almost every area of life. This will help you find the truth and recognize lies.

Why do you need to develop logic?

According to many, the ability to think logically is not so necessary, because you can live without it. This is an erroneous judgment, because logic and actions have a close relationship. Take, for example, people who lived in ancient times. They survived thanks to logic. Every day they had to analyze what was happening around them and draw conclusions based on it. If a neighbor died after eating an unknown fruit, others understood that it was not worth repeating his actions. And this applies to all areas of life, including gardening and farming.

Knowing how to properly develop logical thinking also helps modern people. With its help, he climbs the career ladder, builds relationships with others, and fights for his opinion.

So, logical thinking is an indispensable assistant for every person. It does not appear at birth, but is acquired as one grows older. Therefore, special attention should be paid to its development. Reading classical and specialized literature, solving crossword puzzles, and studying foreign languages will help with this.

Logic development exercises

For example, you can try writing and brushing your teeth with your left hand, which uses the other side of your brain. During the day it is worth changing the type of activity: this approach will speed up adaptation abilities.

You should also analyze your thoughts and actions, ask and answer questions yourself, and also spend more time in the fresh air, which is useful not only for thinking, but also for health in general.

This video will help develop your child’s thinking:

When to start training?

There is an opinion that the development of logic is important only for schoolchildren and students, before it is of no use. Logic is needed at any age .
In fact, her training begins from infancy. For example, a baby shakes a rattle and establishes a cause-and-effect chain between his action and the sound made by the toy. An older child throws a pacifier and watches it fall. Again, logical thinking is at work here: the pacifier will fall down if you drop it.

Any activity should be age appropriate . A sorter (a box with slots in the form of different geometric shapes and shapes that need to be correctly inserted into these slots) and a pyramid, which mothers like to give to their babies, are on average mastered by children aged about one year. Previously, demanding that the baby fulfill the conditions of the game is useless, even harmful.

Attention! It is important for parents to realize that everything is fine in its own time, and not to overload the child with tasks that are difficult for his age.

You can also pay attention to the fact that after a long break it is never too late to resume training. There are many everyday concerns in the life of an adult, and exercise would be useful for his brain and the restoration of school and student knowledge, and would allow him to take a break from the daily routine, raising the mood of both himself and his neighbors.

Not to mention the elderly: in the monotonous life of a pensioner, logic games can not only add fresh and vivid impressions, but also prevent the development of sclerosis and other diseases characteristic of this age .

Law of Sufficient Reason

Every statement, in order to be considered true and fair, must be proven . Confirmation can be obtained empirically (experimentally) or theoretically.

Here is a scientist who declares that there are elementary particles that can move faster than the speed of light. But no one will believe it until he provides enough evidence.

The founder of the law is the German scientist Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Violations of this rule often occur in everyday life.

For example, a lawyer, defending a client, states: “My client could not kill anyone. He has an excellent reference from his place of work. An exemplary family man and loving father." Here the arguments do not substantiate the thesis at all, which violates the law of sufficient reason.

More about the laws of logic: