Communication: concept, functions, types and types (imperative, manipulative, dialogical)

Communication is a process built on the interaction of people in which they have the opportunity to exchange information. Types of communication in psychology imply the performance of participants in the process as performers of conventional, predetermined roles, onto which projections of their personalities are superimposed, that is, the individual characteristics of each. Participants in communication, as a rule, are limited by certain social norms and needs, depending on the type of their joint activities.

Question 2

Communication side of communication:

The main goal of information exchange communication is to develop a common meaning and a common point of view, agreement on various situations and problems. In the process of communication, the participants in communication are faced with the task of not only exchanging information, but also achieving its adequate understanding. In this regard, they talk about the existence of a barrier that arises in the communication process.

A communication barrier is a psychological obstacle in the way of a lack of information transfer between communication partners (rapid speech).

In the process of communication, information is exchanged both at the verbal and non-verbal levels. At the verbal level, human speech is used. Nonverbal means of communication are necessary in order to create and maintain psychological contact that regulates the communication process, give new semantic shades to the verbal text and direct the interpretation of words in a certain direction, express emotions, assessments, semantic situations, and the accepted role.

10 pp., 4700 words

Social and psychological features of communication in groups and teams.

... business. Business communication in a work group is a process of interconnection and interaction in which there is an exchange of activities, information and... Psychological recognition by participants of each other based on common interests, ideals, principles. The specifics of the relationship between ... in a circle of constant or periodic communication, only official issues are regularly considered. Typically it includes a manager,...

Types of non-verbal means of communication:

1. Visual appearance (kinesics - movements of the hands, head, gait, facial expression, eyes, posture, direction of gaze, skin reactions, proxemics - this is the spatial non-temporal organization of communication - the distance between interlocutors).
2. Acoustic appearance (voice quality, range, tonality).
3. Tactile appearance (tapesika - touching, shaking hands, hugging, kissing).
4. Olfactory appearance (pleasant and unpleasant environmental odors, natural and unnatural human odors).

Ritual communication

Communication styles include ritual dialogue. He solves the main problem of maintaining a relationship with society, as well as presenting himself as a member of this community. What is important here is the presence of a partner during the dialogue as a necessary attribute to perform the ritual. Real life is filled with a huge number of different kinds of rituals, in which everyone’s participation is implied in the form of a kind of “mask”, which has certain properties preset. In such rituals, only one thing is required from their participants - familiarization with the rules of the game.

This style is distinguished by many contacts, in which, looking from the outside, and in some cases from the inside, there is no meaning or content, because at the first impression they do not carry any useful information and will not be able to achieve a certain result.

It seems that precious time is being wasted pointlessly, causing only irritability. But there are times when people enjoy such meetings.

Question 3.

Communication as interaction (the interactive side of communication):

The interactive side of communication is a conventional term denoting the characteristics of those components of communication that are associated with the interaction of people, with the direct organization of their joint activities. If we adhere to a certain scheme, we can say that communication in the broad sense of the word as the reality of interpersonal and social relations includes communication as the exchange of information. If the communication process is born on the basis of some joint activity, then the exchange of knowledge and ideas about this activity inevitably presupposes that acceptable mutual understanding is realized in new joint attempts to further develop the activity and organize it. The other side of the issue captures not only the exchange of information, but also the organization of joint actions that allow partners to implement some common activity for them.

Types of relationships:

Cooperation is a necessary element of joint activity, generated by its special nature.

Competition is a conflict situation based on different positions of the participants, the trigger, development and resolution of the conflict.

A destructive conflict becomes personal and gives rise to interests independent of the cause.

A productive conflict arises when a clash is based on the incompatibility of personalities, giving rise to a difference in points of view on any problem.

Conversational style

Communication styles will also include conversational and everyday styles in their list. It is characterized by informal relationships that are connected not only with everyday life, family, circle of friends, but also with the professional environment. Conversational language is used in interpersonal communication. It is because of this that its manifestation in most cases takes an oral form during spontaneous dialogues. Pre-thinking what is said during such a conversation is not always acceptable.

Colloquial speech is also used for self-expression; with its help, the individual’s individual abilities are manifested, since it has an emotional connotation.

A large role here is given to non-verbal means of interaction and expressive signals of the body. Informal communication has also found wide application in everyday vocabulary:

1. Vernacular.
2. Words that have a subjective assessment.
3. Expressive and emotional statements.
4. In the form of abbreviations.
5. In the form of colloquial and everyday phraseology.
6. Variety of particles, etc.

The use of exclamatory and incentive sentences is also widely practiced. This style of speech is used only in some specific cases.

Question 4.

Communication as people’s perception of each other (perceptual side of communication):

The process of perception by one person of another acts as an obligatory component of communication and can conditionally be called the perceptual side of communication. Social perception began to be called the process of perceiving social objects, by which we mean certain people, social groups, and large social communities. When the subject of perception is an individual, he can perceive another individual belonging to his group, an individual belonging to another group, his own group, an alien group, and can also perceive communities. The situation is more complicated when not only an individual, but also an entire group is interpreted as the subject of perception. Then it is worth adding to this process: the group’s perception of its own member, a representative of another group, the group’s perception of itself, the perception of another group as a whole.

19 pp., 9492 words

Question 7 Communication and activity

... since communicating individuals exchange and, therefore, mutually enrich knowledge. Types and functions of communication. There are two main types of social contacts: activity and communication. Between communication and activity, as types of human...

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Krysko V.G. Social psychology: Course of lectures – 3rd ed.
– M.: Omega-L, 2006. – 352 p.; table, ill. - (Higher School Library.). 2. Lavrinenko V.N. Psychology and ethics of business communication: Textbook for universities. – 4th ed. reworked and additional – M.: UNITY-DANA, 2005. – 415 p.

3. Morozov A.V. Business psychology: Course of lectures. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house SOYUZ, 2000 – 576 p.

4. Stolyarenko L.D. Psychology of business communication and management. Textbook. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2005. - 416 p.

5. Shelamova G.M. Business culture and psychology of communication: A textbook for beginners. prof. education. — 7th ed., erased. - M.: Publishing House, 2007. - 160 p.

6. https://ru.wikipedia.org/ - Perception errors.

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Question 5

Ways to optimize communication:

Communication is the exchange of information between two or more people. When communicating, we make mutual deliveries of emotional experiences and value ideas. Gestures, facial expressions, intonation, the volume of our voice, clothing, demeanor, etc. The recipient of the information analyzes in order to find out what the interlocutor feels towards him: sympathy or antipathy. Depending on the results of such an analysis, he accepts or rejects the interlocutor as a communication partner.

Encroachments on self-esteem or clashes with any value concepts in communication lead to difficulties in perceiving the content of information that one of the interlocutors would like to convey to the attention of the other. Also in communication, the creation of a certain image of a person, a unique image, plays an important role.

It is known that in the field of business people, various negotiations play an important role. Non-directive negotiation methods are quite effective.

Providing the right feedback is important to clarify the meaning of the message. Feedback is the reaction of the perceiver (verbal or non-verbal) to the partner’s behavior. This information is not about what this or that person is, but more about ourselves in connection with this person. Sometimes contact with a communication partner is established very slowly. In order to create a friendly atmosphere in communication without much stress, allowing you to meaningfully deepen contact, you need to go through four stages:

1. Switching from communicating with yourself to communicating with your partner.
2. Establishing contact.
3. Maintaining contact while conveying the main message.
4. Breaking contact.

It should be noted that in the process of communication various obstacles associated with misunderstanding may arise. A barrier to understanding may be the nature of the perception of communication partners, determined by their personal attitudes. A significant barrier is also the semantic barriers associated with the difference in meanings invested by different people, but the same words, symbols (verbal and non-verbal attributes of communication).

Although verbal symbols are fundamental for conveying ideas, non-verbal symbols play an important role in communication, which include facial expressions, gestures, glances, distance to a partner, etc. Different readings of them by different people can create problems in communication. Misunderstandings between people also arise due to the presence of poor feedback, which makes it possible to determine whether the message is truly interpreted in the sense originally intended.

Communication as a specific type of human activity is one of the leading factors in personality development. In this regard, optimization of communication takes on a very important role (diagnosis).

Varieties of dialogue styles

Communication styles are different, and for each individual situation the most suitable one is chosen, both in behavior and interaction. For any situation, it is common for a person to “present” himself in different ways. But with inadequate self-presentation, dialogue becomes difficult.

To bring some clarity to this issue, psychologists have proposed descriptions of four interaction styles, which consist of:

1. Ritual
   . It depends on the culture in which a person is destined to live. This could include greetings and questions asked during the meeting, as well as responses.
2. Imperative
   . It is an authoritarian, directive way of communication. The imperative style achieves control over the interlocutor’s behavior, bends his attitudes, or forces him to take certain actions and make decisions. This is achieved through orders, regulations and demands. Typically, the imperative style is used in the army, in relations between superiors and subordinates, and also in working with extreme conditions.
3. Manipulative
   . If in the imperative style everything is extremely clear and open, then in the manipulative style the interlocutor exerts a secret influence. But the goal remains the same: to take control of your opponent’s behavior and thoughts.
4. Humanistic
   . This method has all the varieties of dialogue. Here there is already equal communication, the purpose of which is to achieve mutual knowledge and self-knowledge. There is no place for imperatives, and deep mutual understanding is achieved.

Question 6.

Definition, functions, boundaries, classifications of small groups:

14 pp., 6844 words

Psychology of intergroup relations: group boundaries, the feeling of “we”, ...

... questions about whether the group can be considered as something standing above individuals, whether it is even possible to predict any product of group activity on the basis of knowledge of individual ... contributions to it. The feasibility of studying groups is obvious, because They …

A small group is a group in which social relations take the form of direct personal contacts. It is customary to talk about the upper and lower limits of a small group. In some opinions, it is believed that the lower limit of a small group is 2 people, but there is another point of view - 3 people. The upper limit of a small group is its maximum volume (50-+2).

The upper limit of the group is determined by criteria that are determined by the nature of the activity itself.

A team is a special qualitative state of a small group that has reached a high level of social psychological maturity. With this understanding, every collective is a small group, but not every small group can be a collective.

Classification:

1. A laboratory group is a group specially created to perform tasks under experimental conditions.
2. A natural group is a group that functions in real life situations.
3. A formal group is a group whose structure and relationships are established and regulated through administrative and legal procedures.
4. Membership group - in which the individual is actually a member.
5. A reference group is a group whose norms and values ​​a person shares and correlates his or her attitudes with them.

The belonging of each person to a certain group is associated with the realization of certain needs of the individual. A certain part of the life activity of this individual is manifested within the framework of the activities of the social group. In this group, the style of his behavior is determined, which in turn determines interpersonal relationships, the status of the individual (the position of the individual in society, occupied by him in accordance with his functions, gender, etc.) and the role of the individual (the totality of acquired and performed functions and accepted behavior).

Depending on the style of behavior inherent in the majority of participants, a group decision can be made. A productive decision-making process includes the emergence of formations in the form of new goals, motives, attitudes, meanings, and methods of action.

The concept of a reference group. Referentometry:

A reference group is a group whose norms and values ​​a person shares, correlating his or her attitudes with it. The functions of the reference group include the formation of an individual’s sympathy and emotional preference for certain people. In such a group lie the main determinants of personality - assessments, actions, deeds.

The reference group has its own standards and beliefs, which is very important from the point of view of maintaining integrity, since each individual in the group identifies himself in relation to these standards and beliefs. When choosing and evaluating his actions, each individual uses a system of standards for a given group. This is necessary for the stability of the group. The individual also evaluates the behavior of other people and social events, which allows for subsequent reproduction in the group to occur.

Referentiality is a form of specific interpersonal relationships mediated by the content of group activity and expressing the subject’s dependence on other people based on the need for social orientation, acting as a selective attitude towards them in the context of the task of orientation in the object. Referentometry is used to check how much each person’s personal values ​​coincide with the values ​​of the group that determines the sociometric status of the individual.

7 pages, 3033 words

Motivation for group activities

... it represents what types, sizes and structures a group can be, the general qualities of groups, the motivation of group activities and personnel. Chapter 1. The concept of motivation 1.1 The concepts of “motives” and “... stable and situational, organized and spontaneous, contact and non-contact. Groups are made up of people, societies are made up of groups. Individuals, groups and societies are three modern realities, they...

Social and psychological characteristics of a small group:

Viewed through the dimensions or levels of a circular structure:

1. The sociometric dimension characterizes the special positions of an individual in the system of intragroup interpersonal relations.
2. The formal-status dimension gives an idea of ​​the subordination of an individual’s positions in the system of official relations, which is recorded in the organization’s civil schedule.
3. The communicative dimension is implemented in communication networks that record the subordination of the positions of individuals depending on their location.
4. Attitudes to power reflect the position of individuals depending on their ability to exert influence within the group.

There are several types of social power:

• rewarded power contributes to rewarding another person.
• Coercive power is exercised through coercion and punishment of another person.
• Ligative power is based on the assumption that one subject has the legitimate right to prescribe the behavior of another subject.
• referent power is based on relative sympathies and emotional preferences.
• Expert power is based on another person's superiority in specialized knowledge and competence in a particular activity.

1. Leadership is determined by the hierarchy of the position of individuals depending on their value potential and contributions to the life of the group.

Types of leaders:

• A functional leader is a competent leader who is task-focused. He fights to achieve the goals set by the group.
• An affective leader focuses on the relationships between group members.

Group leadership:

1. Leadership occurs primarily in an informal group, with appropriate relationships. The leadership is in official groups.
2. Leadership is predominantly manifested in small groups, the leader is closed in it, since he needs to maintain contact with a superior leader.
3. The leader emerges spontaneously and depends on changes in group mood.
4. The authority of a leader is based on his personal influence; responsibility is less indirect than that of a leader.

It is also very important to note that the characteristics of a small group include three areas:

1. Sociometric direction (J. Moreno).
   In society

Two structures of relations are distinguished. Macrostructure is the spatial distribution of individuals in various forms of their life activity. Microstructure is the structure of an individual’s psychological relationships with the people around him. All social conflicts are directionally related to the discrepancy between micro and macro structures. The task is to rearrange the macrostructure in such a way as to bring it into line with the microstructure.

3 pages, 1123 words

Topic 2-3. Characteristics and features of training groups, group dynamics

... features of training groups, group dynamics Plan: 1. The concept of a training group. 2. Types of educational and training groups, their differences. 3. Structure of educational and training groups. 4. Group norms (rules) in the training group. 5. Staffing the SPT group: high-quality...

1. Sociological direction (E. Mayo).
   Conducted

experiment on the effect of illumination on labor productivity. During the experiment, the lighting in the experimental group was increased, and an increase in labor productivity was observed; under normal lighting, productivity was not observed in the control group. At the next stage, the lighting conditions were canceled in the experimental group, and labor productivity continued to increase. As a result, growth began in the control group. Additional studies have been conducted. They increased wages, lighting, equipment, labor productivity grew when all this was canceled. Mayo realized that what plays a role here is awareness of the importance of what is happening, of one’s participation in some event. This was interpreted as a special feeling of stability - the need to feel like one belongs to a group.

1. School of Group Dynamics (Lewin).
   He created field theory.

The central idea was that the laws of social behavior should be sought through knowledge of psychological and social forces. The most important method of analyzing the psychological field was the creation in laboratory conditions of a group with given characteristics and the subsequent study of the functioning of this group. This process is called group dynamics.

Authoritarian style

Due to the authoritarian style, the leader personally makes any decisions, from orders to giving instructions. They always accurately determine the “boundaries of competence” of any person, that is, they obtain a strict definition of rank between partners and subordinates. Therefore, communication styles also include authoritarian, the use of which promotes decision-making by the upper levels of the hierarchy with subsequent flow down under the guise of directive decisions. Because of this, the style is sometimes called directive. At the same time, the leader or manager does not have the slightest desire to encourage discussion of directives: he believes that they must be strictly followed.

The leader reserves the right to control and evaluate how effective the activity is. Managers with a similar communication style usually suffer from inflated self-esteem, excessive self-confidence, aggressiveness and a tendency to stereotypical dialogue, a black-and-white perception of subordinates along with their actions.

The authoritarian style of communication is inherent in people with dogmatic thinking, as a result of which the only correct answer will be his, and everyone else may be wrong. Having a discussion with such people and analyzing the decisions they make is a waste of time, since such people, as a rule, are not encouraged to take initiative.

Question 7

Mechanism of group dynamics:

1. The most important of the processes related to group

dynamics is the process of formation of small groups. The direct formation of a group and the psychological processes that make a group a group is group pressure on the individual.

1. Processes of group cohesion, leadership and acceptance

group decisions with the amendment that the entire set of processes of group management and leadership is not limited to the phenomenon of leadership.

1. Development of joint activities. It is worth mentioning here

Such a concept as a collective is where its formation takes place.

Phenomena of interaction between the individual and the group:

Mental phenomena express a person’s attitude towards various socially significant objects: surrounding people, groups, social institutions. Here we can distinguish two classes of characteristics of a phenomenon: characteristics of functions and characteristics of the internal composition and content of such phenomena.

• interpersonal orientation (assessed by management as the least

preferred employee).

• authoritarianism - directive behavior, desire for

control over the actions of participants.

• social sensitivity characterizes the ability

personality to reflect the states of other people. Includes empathy and social understanding.

13 pages, 6071 words

Scientific organization and labor regulation. Factors influencing...

... taking into account the specifics of their economic activities. Only such an organization of labor can provide them with the highest labor productivity. But, on the other hand, labor organization is the rational ordering of the work activities of workers...

• the desire for power correlates with the behavior of members

groups aimed at achieving prestigious intragroup positions.

• reliability - responsibility, self-confidence,

self-respect.

• emotional stability includes anxiety and

personal adaptation when one requirement increases and another decreases, is manifested by the individual in the group. An individual is more willing to change his views under the influence of a group.

Communication style significantly determines a person’s behavior when interacting with other people.

The specific choice of communication style is determined by many factors: a person’s personal characteristics, his worldview and position in society, the characteristics of this society, and much more. How many communication styles are there? This question is difficult to answer.

However, if we proceed from the fact that a communication style is simply a person’s greater readiness for a particular situation, then we can talk about three main styles. They can conditionally be called ritual, manipulative and humanistic.

Question 8.

Effectiveness of group activities:

Efficiency depends on the cohesion of the group, on the leadership style, and the influence on the effectiveness of the method of making group decisions.

In reality, the productivity of a group is only one indicator of effectiveness - the satisfaction of group members with joint work.

Groups, being at different stages of development, should have different effectiveness in solving problems of varying importance and difficulty.

Group cohesion:

1. Forming connections in a group that allow external

transform a given structure into a psychological community of people, into a complex mental organization living according to its own laws.

1. The process of emergence of similar orientations among group members

in relation to some values ​​that are significant to them.

1. Joint activities of group members.

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Nonverbal means of communication in human speech activity 2

... the dynamics of the communication process in a group, and the problem of dynamic factors arising in the communication process itself. Nonverbal components of communication...activities of the Russian Academy of Sciences. , - cannot be directly controlled. Emotions, like other human mental processes,...

Lecture 1. Communication in the structure of activities of participants in the educational process

... human activity, primarily with practical and cognitive activity - all this forms its own subject of the psychology of communication" (142, p. 212). Thus, the subject of pedagogical communication is the specifics of communication processes...

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Workshop

Correlate the proposed socio-psychological concepts and their definitions:

a) stereotype;

b) prejudice;

1) one-sided, distorted and, as a rule, prejudiced view, characteristic of representatives of professional, age, social, ethnic groups or classes;

2) personal antipathy or active hostility towards another social group; however, individuals may or may not participate in discriminatory activities based on their views

A stereotype is a one-sided, distorted and, as a rule, prejudiced view characteristic of representatives of professional, age, social, ethnic groups or classes.

Examples: Gender stereotypes:

• women are the weaker sex;
• women are stupider than men, or even “all women are fools”;
• a woman cannot be a leader;
• all women want one thing - to get married;
• men - the stronger sex;
• men do not cry;
• all husbands cheat on their wives, etc.

Age stereotypes:

• all children are pure in soul;
• all teenagers are “difficult”;
• young people suffer from frivolity (“young-green”);
• Forty-year-old men are in crisis;
• older people are conservatives;
• old people are grumpy, etc.

Ethnic stereotypes:

• Americans are ambitious;
• the Baltic people are slow;
• the British are conservative;
• The French are loving;
• The Chinese are enterprising, etc.

Prejudice is personal antipathy or active hostility towards another social group; however, individuals may or may not participate in discriminatory activities based on their views

Example:

Mr. X: The problem with Jews is that all they do is take care of their fellow countrymen.

Mr. W: But our union's treasury records show that Jews give more generously than the typical charitable contributions of non-Jews.

Mr. X: This shows that they are always trying to buy favor and interfere in the affairs of Christians. They only think about money, which is why there are so many Jewish bankers.

Mr. W: A recent study shows that the percentage of Jewish bankers is small, much lower than among non-Jews.

Mr. X: That may be true, but still, they are not involved in respectable business, only show business, casinos and nightclubs.

In the above conversation, Mr. X ignores Mr. Y's evidence due to his prejudice against Jews. Instead of answering, he just continues his accusations, moving on to the next reason why he doesn’t like Jews.

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