Perception in psychology. What is it, concept, mechanisms, types, effects, functions

• October 10, 2018
• Psychological terms
• Sergey Kostyuchenko Zhelyazkov

Perceptivity is a reflection of reality situations, in which much depends on the individual. Such a display is necessary to form an image of objects. As for psychology, this phenomenon allows us to understand how a person sees a problem and what conclusions he draws as a result of communicating with people around him.

The concept of perception in psychology

Perception in psychology is the study of human reactions. People receive millions of sensory stimuli per day without knowing what to ignore and what not to ignore. Will a person notice a leaf flying from a tree, or will he pay attention only to what is important.

The term comes from Lat. percipere - to perceive. The study of human perception of information began in antiquity; it found its place in various sciences, including philosophy, physics and art.

German logician and mathematician Gottfried Leibniz back in the 17th century. made a great contribution to the study of the nature of perception, shedding light on the conscious and unconscious. The philosopher tried to answer the question of whether there is a soul in inanimate nature. This theory already at the end of the 19th century. began to be developed by the Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud.

Collecting and analyzing information from the outside world, a person interprets it according to his life experience. Based on this data, it interacts with the outside world. Perception refers to how sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously perceived.

One way to understand this concept is that sensation is a physical process and perception is a psychological process.

Although perception is based on sensations, not all sensations lead to perception. In fact, the brain often does not perceive external stimuli that remain relatively constant over a long period of time. This process is known as sensory adaptation.

Perception in psychology

There is another factor that affects sensation and perception - attention. This is proven by a rather interesting demonstration conducted by Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris in 1999.

In this study, participants watched a video of people holding basketballs. The subjects were asked to count how many times the team in white passed the ball from hand to hand. At this time, a man dressed in a gorilla suit walks among the players.

Almost half of the people who watched the video did not notice the gorilla at all, despite the fact that he was clearly visible for 9 seconds. Participants completely turned off other visual information, focusing on counting. This phenomenon in psychology is called inattentional blindness or perceptual blindness.

Motivation can also influence perception. While waiting for an important phone call and taking a shower, you can imagine that the person actually hears it. Identification of a salient stimulus may alter the ability to discriminate between a true stimulus and background noise.

World of Psychology

A person cannot live in isolation. Throughout our lives, we come into contact with the people around us, form interpersonal relationships, entire groups of people form connections with each other, and thus each of us becomes the subject of countless and diverse relationships. How we treat our interlocutor, what kind of relationship we form with him, most often depends on how we perceive and evaluate our communication partner. When a person comes into contact, he evaluates each interlocutor, both in appearance and behavior. As a result of the assessment made, a certain attitude towards the interlocutor is formed, and certain conclusions are drawn about his internal psychological properties. This mechanism of perception by one person of another is an indispensable component of communication and relates to social perception. The concept of social perception was first introduced by J. Bruner in 1947, when a new view of the perception of a person by a person was developed. Social perception is a process that occurs when people interact with each other and includes the perception, study, understanding and evaluation of social objects by people: other people, themselves, groups or social communities. The process of social perception is a complex and branched system of forming images of social objects in the human mind as a result of such methods of people understanding each other as perception, cognition, understanding and study. The term “perception” is not the most accurate in defining the formation of an observer’s idea of ​​his interlocutor, since this is a more specific process. In social psychology, such a formulation as “cognition of another person” (A.A. Bodalev) is sometimes used as a more precise concept to characterize the process of human perception by a person. The specificity of a person’s cognition of another person lies in the fact that the subject and object of perception perceive not only the physical characteristics of each other, but also behavioral ones, and also in the process of interaction, judgments are formed about the intentions, abilities, emotions and thoughts of the interlocutor. In addition, an idea is created of the relationships that connect the subject and object of perception. This gives even greater meaning to a sequence of additional factors that do not play such an important role in the perception of physical objects. If the subject of perception actively participates in communication, then this means the person’s intention to establish coordinated actions with a partner, taking into account his desires, intentions, expectations and past experience. Thus, social perception depends on emotions, intentions, opinions, attitudes, biases and prejudices.

Social perception is defined as the perception of a person’s external signs, comparing them with his personal characteristics, interpreting and predicting his actions and actions on this basis. Thus, in social perception there is certainly an assessment of another person, and the development, depending on this assessment and the impression made by the object, of a certain attitude in the emotional and behavioral aspects. This process of one person knowing another, evaluating him and forming a certain attitude is an integral part of human communication and can be conditionally called the perceptual side of communication.

There are basic functions of social perception, namely: knowing oneself, knowing one’s communication partner, organizing joint activities based on mutual understanding and establishing certain emotional relationships. Mutual understanding is a socio-psychological phenomenon, the center of which is empathy. Empathy is the ability to empathize, the desire to put oneself in the place of another person and accurately determine his emotional state based on actions, facial reactions, and gestures.

The process of social perception involves the relationship between the subject of perception and the object of perception. The subject of perception is an individual or group that carries out cognition and transformation of reality. When the subject of perception is an individual, he can perceive and cognize his own group, an outside group, another individual who is a member of either his own or another group. When the subject of perception is a group, then the process of social perception becomes even more confusing and complex, since the group carries out cognition of both itself and its members, and can also evaluate the members of another group and the other group itself as a whole.

There are the following social - perceptual mechanisms, that is, the ways in which people understand, interpret and evaluate other people:

1. Perception of the external appearance and behavioral reactions of an object
2. Perception of the internal appearance of an object, that is, a set of its socio-psychological characteristics. This is carried out through the mechanisms of empathy, reflection, attribution, identification and stereotyping.

Knowing other people also depends on the level of development of a person’s idea of ​​himself (I am a concept), about a communication partner (You are a concept) and about the group to which the individual belongs or thinks that he belongs (We are a concept). Knowing oneself through another is possible through comparing oneself with another individual or through reflection. Reflection is the process of understanding how the interlocutor understands him. As a result, a certain level of mutual understanding is achieved between the participants in communication.

Social perception deals with the study of the content and procedural components of the communication process. In the first case, attributions (attributions) of various characteristics to the subject and object of perception are studied. In the second, the mechanisms and effects of perception are analyzed (halo effect, primacy, projection and others).

In general, the process of social perception is a complex mechanism of interaction of social objects in an interpersonal context and is influenced by many factors and features, such as age characteristics, perception effects, past experiences and personality traits.

Structure and mechanisms of social perception.

“Identification” (from the Late Latin identifico – to identify) is a process of intuitive identification, a subject’s comparison of himself with another person (group of people), in the process of interpersonal perception. The term “identification” is a way of recognizing an object of perception, in the process of assimilation to it. This, of course, is not the only way of perception, but in real situations of communication and interaction, people often use this technique when, in the process of communication, an assumption about the internal psychological state of a partner is built on the basis of an attempt to put oneself in his place. There are many results of experimental studies of identification - as a mechanism of social perception, based on which the relationship between identification and another phenomenon similar in content - empathy - has been identified.

“Empathy” is understanding another person by emotionally feeling their experience. This is a way of understanding another person, based not on the real perception of the problems of another person, but on the desire for emotional support of the object of perception. Empathy is an affective “understanding” based on the feelings and emotions of the subject of perception. The process of empathy is in general terms similar to the identification mechanism; in both cases there is the ability to put oneself in the place of another, to look at problems from his point of view. It is known that empathy is higher the more a person is able to imagine the same situation from the point of view of different people, and therefore understand the behavior of each of these people.

“Attraction” (from Latin attrahere - to attract, attract) is considered as a special form of perception of one person by another, based on a stable positive attitude towards a person. In the process of attraction, people not only understand each other, but form certain emotional relationships among themselves. Based on various emotional assessments, a diverse range of feelings is formed: from rejection, a feeling of disgust towards this or that person, to sympathy, and even love for him. Attraction also seems to be a mechanism for the formation of sympathy between people in the process of communication. The presence of attraction in the process of interpersonal perception indicates the fact that communication is always the implementation of certain relationships (both social and interpersonal), and generally attraction is more manifested in interpersonal relationships. Psychologists have identified different levels of attraction: sympathy, friendship, love. Friendship is presented as a type of stable, interpersonal relationship, characterized by stable mutual affection of its participants; in the process of friendship, affiliation (the desire to be in society, with a friend, friends) and the expectation of mutual sympathy intensifies.

Sympathy (from the Greek Sympatheia - attraction, internal disposition) is a stable, positive, emotional attitude of a person towards other people or groups of people, manifested in goodwill, friendliness, attention, admiration. Sympathy encourages people to have a simplified mutual understanding, to strive to get to know the interlocutor in the process of communication. Love, the highest degree of emotional-positive attitude, influencing the subject of perception, love displaces all other interests of the subject, and the attitude towards the object of perception is brought to the fore, the object becomes the center of attention of the subject.

Social reflection is understanding another person by thinking for him. This is the internal representation of another in the inner world of a person. Understanding what others think of me is an important aspect of social cognition. This is both knowing another through what he (as I think) thinks about me, and knowing myself through the hypothetical eyes of another. The wider the circle of communication, the more diverse ideas about how he is perceived by others, the more a person ultimately knows about himself and others. Including your partner in your inner world is the most effective source of self-knowledge in the process of communication.

Causal attribution is the interpretation of the behavior of an interaction partner through hypotheses about his emotions, motives, intentions, personality traits, reasons for behavior with their further attribution to this partner. Causal attribution determines social perception the more, the greater the lack of information about the interaction partner. The most daring and interesting theory of constructing the process of causal attribution was put forward by psychologist G. Kelly; he revealed how a person searches for reasons to explain the behavior of another person. Attribution results can become the basis for the creation of social stereotypes.

"Stereotyping" . A stereotype is a stable image or psychological perception of a phenomenon or person, characteristic of members of a particular social group. Stereotyping is the perception and evaluation of another person by extending to him the characteristics of a social group. This is the process of forming an impression of a perceived person based on stereotypes developed by a group. The most common are ethnic stereotypes, in other words, images of typical representatives of a certain nation, endowed with national appearance and character traits. For example, there are stereotypical ideas about the pedantry of the British, the punctuality of the Germans, the eccentricity of the Italians, and the hard work of the Japanese. Stereotypes are tools of preliminary perception that allow a person to facilitate the process of perception, and each stereotype has its own social sphere of application. Stereotypes are actively used to evaluate a person based on social, national, or professional characteristics.

Stereotypic perception arises on the basis of insufficient experience in recognizing a person, as a result of which conclusions are drawn on the basis of limited information. A stereotype arises in relation to a person’s group affiliation, for example, according to his belonging to a profession, then the pronounced professional traits of representatives of this profession encountered in the past are considered as traits inherent in every representative of this profession (all accountants are pedantic, all politicians are charismatic). In these cases, a predisposition manifests itself to extract information from previous experience, to draw conclusions based on similarities with this experience, without paying attention to its limitations. Stereotyping in the process of social perception can lead to two different consequences: to simplify the process of one person’s knowledge of another and to the emergence of prejudice.

Characteristics and properties of perception

In modern psychology, perception is a multifaceted concept with properties and characteristics. The organization of the perception process occurs in the form of transformation of the received stimuli into meaningful and understandable models. Once the brain has determined which of the millions of stimuli it will attend to, it needs to organize the information it has received.

Perception includes many attributes, but the 3 most recognized features of perception include:

• Constancy or constancy of perception . From a perceptual perspective, consistency refers to the ability to identify the same object among a variety of other sensory information. For example, a coin appears round when held up and elliptical when held horizontally. But constancy allows an object to be identified as a coin, regardless of its position. Moreover, this characteristic is acquired, not innate. This process of perception is based on the experience gained from the surrounding world. The shape, brightness, and size of the object will be constant.
• Grouping. It is a feature of perception that follows principles mainly proposed by Gestalt psychologists. These principles were formulated to analyze human natural perception of objects, both organized and in patterns. They include proximity, similarity, completion of the image, the law of continuity, the law of figure and form.
• Contrast effect. Contrast effect refers to an increase or decrease in perception due to normal intensity, degree, frequency, or other attributes. The so-called "normal perception" is based on a person's previous experience. John Locke, a 17th-century philosopher, was one of the first scientists to observe the contrast effect. Having touched a cup of hot water, a person will feel warmth when touching another cup that may contain cold water, and vice versa. Contrast effects affect visual qualities such as brightness and color, as well as weight and lightness.

Perception in psychology is also a set of properties, including:

• objectivity and integrity, when objects are perceived in their real image;
• Structurality defines the totality of all qualities of an object, their integrity without dissection into details;
• selectivity involves the selection of one object from the mass of others, depending on the situation;
• apperception determines the perception, influence and dependence of the psyche, including on the individual characteristics of a person and his experience;
• contextuality expresses the environment and circumstances;
• meaningfulness presupposes full awareness and understanding of the essence of objects and objects.

Levels and types of perception

There are several levels of perception, which in turn are divided into perception and awareness:

1. Detection. The first level at which stimulus detection occurs.
2. Discrimination or perception. An image is being formed.
3. Identification. The stage of awareness begins, the image stored in memory is compared with the object.
4. Identification. In the end, the object is classified and assigned to a group.

Various types of analyzers are involved in the process of perception, but, as a rule, they work in combination.

This:

• visual;
• auditory;
• olfactory;
• tactile;
• taste.

In addition, depending on the object of perception, which has certain reference points, perception is distinguished:

• Time. His perception is not innate and depends on the sum of factors; it is a reflection of reality within the framework of the sequence of occurring phenomena. The perception of time may be biased, for example, under the influence of drugs, which can excite, change or inhibit processes.
• Movements. When stimuli are excited, the retina perceives movement that occurs against some background, homogeneous or not, or in its absence, for example, in the dark. The movement of the eyes is also perceived by the brain as the movement of objects.
• Spaces. The ability to navigate in space is one of the most important qualities of a person when interacting with the external environment. Perception includes the coordinate system of the person himself, how he takes his place in this space, which has relief and direction.

Perception is also classified into voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary or intentional is formed in the form of observation, which, in turn, consists of a person’s experience and knowledge about the object of observation.

Basic Concepts

Perceptivity is a basic biological process of the human psyche. This function is acquired through the senses, which take part in the formation of a complete image of objects. Perception influences the analyzers through a series of sensations caused by perception.

It is also worth saying that perceptivity is a popular subject of study among psychologists. After all, such a reflection of reality allows us to form a full-fledged image of a certain phenomenon in the human mind.

Laws and factors of perception

Perception in Russian psychology is the replacement of the general perception of an object with a more specific phenomenon.

This law was discovered by psychologist N.N. Lange:

• Any person’s perception of an image begins with an object , which is perceived by him as a figure against the background, and these concepts are relative. During perception, any sense organs can be involved, not just vision, for example, in a noisy audience a person’s last name was pronounced, this last name will become a figure against the background of noise. Perception will depend on people's level of expectations and intentions. If you show photos of ordinary people, but taken in a difficult situation, for example, in war, they will be perceived in a negative way. Such experiments were carried out by A. Maslow.
• Integrity. The elements of the image will definitely be completed by the brain into a complete picture, even if there is not enough information. This way the music will not be perceived in fragments, but only as a single piece.
• Expectations and assumptions. When the test was presented, the subjects were presented with an image that could be interpreted as the number 13. Seeing this sign during testing, each participant perceived it exactly as 13.

Gestalt psychology was founded by German thinkers M. Wertheimer, W. Kohler and K. Koffka and focuses on how people interpret the world. According to Gestalt theory, the laws of perception are based on the idea that the eye sees things as a whole before distinguishing individual components.

In other words, in Gestalt theory the whole is not equal to the sum of all its parts. Basically, our brains try to bring order out of chaos.

From this theory the laws of the organization of perception are born:

• Law of similarity or similarity. Grouping similar objects is an organizational tool of the subconscious. Similarity plays an important role in creating unity—the more similar two elements are, the more likely they are to form a group. Heterogeneous objects are opposed to grouping. The three main ways to create similarity or difference are shape, size and color.
• Law of proximity. The mind groups elements based on their proximity to each other.
• Law of simplicity. Also called Pranjanza's Law or the Law of Good Figure, which is central to Gestalt. People perceive objects in the environment in such a way that the object appears as simple as possible.
• Law of continuity. The mind does not see individual curved lines, they are seen as belonging to each other, as a single whole.
• Law of image completion. The mind seeks completion. Complex arrangements of elements are transformed into simple, recognizable patterns, even in the presence of contradictions. In many cases, our minds fill in missing information to create coherent forms.

Technology of perception development

Perception creates a picture of reality based on the activity of an entire system of brain analyzers. The process of perception is physiological. Soviet psychologists L. Vygotsky and A. Zaporozhets talk about motor skills and vision as important factors in the development of perception. Eye movement plays an important role in the development of visual perception.

A fixed eye cannot perceive objects as a whole. With kinesthetic perception, connections arise, including space and time. With this type of perception, the reverse process occurs, providing control over the hands, which perform a variety of actions: from micro-movements to modeling.

For a person, the first significant changes in the perception of the world and perceptual actions occur in the first years of life. One of the decisive roles is played by sensory perception; from childhood, the accumulation of ideas about the color palette, shape, properties and size of surrounding objects begins.

Development technologies can be very diverse. Educational games that bring actions to automaticity, for example, comparing quantities through game manipulations, in which new information is learned. Gradually, the comparison of figures turns into visual perception, and the movements of the hands become more complex, and the sense of touch is involved.

Active search actions and the formation of connections between vision, hearing and touch make it possible to perceive complex signals, distinguish them, build connections, recognize and interpret.

Thus, not only is perceptual development important in its own right, but it is also an example of behavioral and neural plasticity, powerful mechanisms that can support developmental changes in many areas, beginning in early life.

When and how are perceptual skills formed?

The development of perceptual actions guarantees a person a full knowledge of the world around him and maximum adaptation to it. Sensory perception of objects, actions with them, observations expand and improve, replenish the personal experience of the individual.

The formation of perceptual actions begins in children at 2-3 years of age. Senior preschool age and school age are particularly important periods in this regard. The development of children's perceptual actions occurs in the conditions of specially organized systematic and consistent classes in kindergarten and school.

Children, under the guidance of educators and school teachers, discover the objective world for themselves, becoming acquainted with various objects and their properties, learning to analyze them, identifying the most significant ones, which become sensory standards. They are complemented by a system of motor, or motor, skills, which provides the child with a comprehensive “discovery of the world.” Modeling (drawing, manual labor, playing with building materials) allows you to transform mental images into real ones.

Mechanisms of social perception

Perception in psychology is also interpersonal communication. When working together, there must be mutual understanding. At the first observation, the mechanisms of social perception are activated.

Social perception and its effects

Social perception is an individual process, depending on age, preferences and level of development. The perception of others may be judged to be normal. But according to many experts, normal is the result of slow awareness and the presence of unclear concepts.

Images will change under the influence of circumstances, the accumulation of knowledge and experience, this is a living process, as the brain learns, effects arise:

• Halo effect. Can be positive or negative. Everything will depend on the person’s tendency to attribute positive or favorable qualities to the interlocutor.
• The effect of the first impression.
• The effect of novelty. Perception of new information becoming important and significant.

• Role effect. Perception of a person’s personal characteristics, his behavior determined by role functions.
• The effect of presence. Having some kind of talent or achievement, an individual will demonstrate it more in public than in private.
• Advance effect. Attribution of non-existent merits.
• The leniency effect. Positive qualities, for example, of an employee can be extolled, while negative ones are ignored.
• The effect of hyper-demandingness. The emphasis is only on the negative qualities of a person.
• The effect of physiognomic reduction. A person is assessed only on the basis of his appearance.
• Beauty effect. Only a person who is pleasant in appearance has positive qualities.
• The expectation effect. If a person does not give a reaction, then he will be provoked to it.
• Presumption of reciprocity. Others treat a person the way he or she treats them.
• Projection effect. The quality and character traits of almost everyone are the same.

Perceptual side of communication

Definition 1 The perceptual side of communication (from the Latin “perceptio” - perception) is a process that appears during the interaction of people on the basis of natural communication and takes place in the form of understanding and perception of a person by a person.

Definition 2

Perception is an individual’s reflection at the cognitive level of those phenomena and objects that he encounters.

From the point of view of psychology, the perceptual side of communication is considered the perception of another individual, awareness of the qualities of another person.

The perception of the interlocutor can be accomplished through the representation of his attitudes, goals, views and motives. In this case, the development of an objective assessment of another personality takes place, the qualities of which do not resonate with the characteristics of the cognizing subject himself.

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On the other hand, in the course of perceiving the interlocutor, not only his understanding, but also his acceptance can occur. In this case, all attitudes and values ​​are shared and agreed upon by people.

When such acceptance is made, close interpersonal relationships of different levels appear: affection, friendship, love, etc.

With the help of the perceptual side of communication, we “read” the other person. The effectiveness of communication with an individual depends on the level of accuracy of the conclusions we reach. An incorrect reading of the interlocutor’s personality can provoke misunderstandings and a conflict situation.

All three aspects of the communication process can easily be combined with each other.

Superficial interactions between strangers that last a short time usually involve only the interactive or communicative side, or a combination of both.

Gender characteristics of perception

Perception in psychology is the acceptance of people of different sexes and genders, their appearance characteristics, outlook on life, experience and knowledge. The concept of gender describes a person’s status, his social perception; it is a kind of social gender.

Gender stereotypes are widespread in society and are essentially recognized as social norms for both sexes. There is also a division on the emotional level; it is believed that men are more prone to logic and self-organization, while women are exclusively emotional.

At the same time, women now bear on their shoulders building a career, raising children, and running a household. But the distribution of gender roles can also have a negative impact on a man.

Forcing a man to be successful suppresses his personality and leads to depression. A personality must develop individually based on its psychophysiological characteristics. A sense of duty should also not interfere with the development of individual potential.

Note to parents

Forming a system of perceptual actions in a child is primarily the concern of parents. Firstly, they need to closely monitor the health of the baby’s sensory organs, otherwise their insufficient functioning will make it difficult to perceive the features of objects of cognition. Secondly, one should not rely only on educators and teachers: the development of perceptual actions is one of the goals of family education in the early stages of a child’s life. To do this, we need to help him thoroughly examine objects (what they sound like, how they are structured, what parts they are made of, what they feel, taste and smell), teach him how to operate them, and enrich his vocabulary with nouns (what is this?), adjectives (which one? ), verbs (what does it do?).

Children should be shown pictures and techniques of drawing, modeling, design, and practice comparing objects according to different parameters.

The main method of teaching toddlers and young children is play. Children love playing and doing activities together with their parents. Emotional substantive communication with them stimulates the child’s development of perceptual actions.

The essence of interpersonal perception

Interpersonal perception when it comes to how people interact with each other becomes a key point. This is real communication and practical interaction, exchange of experiences and impressions.

The observing psychologist needs to identify the primary and secondary roles for carrying out the analysis; the methods have already been developed:

• positive emotions - agreement and solidarity;
• negative emotions – denial, creation of tension;
• problem statement – ​​request to express an opinion, provide arguments;
• her solution is a compromise, focusing on the opinions of others.

Whether the conversation was constructive will depend on the participants' interpersonal perception.

There may also be a conflict. The conflict, if it is also acute, is associated with interests that will be incompatible between the parties to interpersonal communication and will most likely be insurmountable. Much depends on the details, whether the dispute arose at the level of intrapersonal, interpersonal or intergroup conflict, and how objective everything is.

Manifestations in relationships with others

All people have different perceptual abilities. This depends, in part, on genetics and culture. This quality can also be developed, which is especially important for people whose work is related to communication and teaching. For example, the perceptual abilities of a teacher are the skills of observation, to find an individual approach to each student, regardless of his academic performance, character, or nationality. In relationships with others, perceptive individuals demonstrate a high level of empathy - emotional empathy for the interlocutor.

A person with a high level of development of sensory perception easily finds a common language with others

Characteristics and features of stereotyping

A social stereotype always underlies the formation of a first impression, be it a representative of a particular profession, or a foreigner representing his nation. Ethnic stereotypes are some of the most interesting. Italians are overly eccentric, and the British are prim.

It is important to understand that if an individual has adopted the stereotypes of his group for himself, then it is easier for him to perceive another person. In this case, the mechanism of perceiving another person starts easier and faster, saving time and psychological resources.

But stereotypes should not always be applied, there is a so-called permitted area, this can be professional activity or a group national characteristic. One of the most striking examples is a teacher. A calm student striving for knowledge is an ideal.

But other children are indifferent, unworthy of attention, generally negative people who are not worth wasting time on. These labels, which appear in an insecure adult, prevent the child from forming his own self and correctly presenting himself to the world.

Interaction with society through perception

Interaction with society through perception occurs as follows:

• Imperative communication. This is the desire to subjugate, establish control, and use various kinds of manipulation. This is an unveiled desire to coerce. This type of communication is sometimes justified, for example, statutory relations, extreme situations.
• If there are hidden motives in perception, then comes the turn of manipulation, the task of which is to hide the true reasons, replace them if necessary, and also achieve control over both the person and the situation. A communication partner is perceived only as a means to an end. In general, the manipulator is characterized by cruelty, apathy, and loss of interest in life. The teaching profession is partly manipulative, since the teacher needs to motivate and teach the lesson as interesting as possible. Such an attitude can have a detrimental effect on the interpersonal perceptions of the teacher and other people.
• Dialogue. Dialogue is a real equal interaction with society through perception; it is a fixation on another person, on his interests.

Analysis of communication and interaction with society through perception is diverse and multifunctional. It is important for every person and society as a whole. The structure of such interaction does not end with perception, it is also communication and interactivity. Perception is getting to know each other, establishing interpersonal relationships, exchanging emotions and ideas, which can be called feedback.

The concept of perception is a whole process in psychology by which we pay attention to some stimuli in our environment and not others. Because it is impossible to pay attention to all the stimuli the brain presents, the mind has an amazing unconscious ability to choose what is important and what is not.

Author: Elena Gupta