What is morality, why do people need it, principles of morality briefly in social studies (grade 8)

Being in society, a person constantly interacts with other people. In order for this process to be directed in a positive direction, society has developed social norms - rules of behavior relating to various aspects of life. One type of such norms is morality. Let's find out what morality is, why people need it, what principles underlie it.

Morality concept

In social science, morality refers to moral standards of human behavior. They evaluate his activities from the standpoint of good and bad, good and evil. These rules are not enshrined in official documents, but affect all members of society without exception.

In early childhood, we learn the moral standards that our family adheres to (family values, patterns of behavior, reactions to what is happening). As you grow up in a school class, a friendly company, or a work team, these ideas about right and wrong are enriched and become an important part of a person’s inner world, the basis of his worldview.

Rice. 1. A child in the family.

Moral requirements

Rules of conduct (give way to elders, do not lie, etc.)
Moral qualities (honesty, compassion, justice)
Moral principles (altruism)
Psychological mechanisms (conscience)
Moral values (kindness, happiness, etc.)
Moral culture is the extent to which an individual perceives the norms and values of the society in which he lives.

Morality is the confrontation between good and evil. Good is understood as a person’s attraction to maintaining interpersonal relationships and achieving perfection. Good is creative in nature, and evil is destructive (destroys social relations and personality from the inside)

Moral choice is the degree of freedom between choosing good and evil. The individual is responsible for the consequences not only to society, but also to himself.

Functions of morality

In any society there are moral principles. Let's find out what they are for, what functions they perform.

Cognitive function helps us evaluate other people's actions in terms of right or wrong.
Educational - contributes to the formation of a person’s conviction about what actions are appropriate in a given situation. Such behavior patterns are learned by us in childhood and later become habits (for example, young people give way to older people in public transport).
The regulatory function controls the behavior of individuals and society as a whole, which makes our lives more stable.
The axiological function lies in the ability of morality to influence the formation of a person’s values and beliefs and to enrich his inner world.
Motivational - consists of the ability of morality to push a person to perform certain actions (for example, to help those who find themselves in a difficult life situation).

Rice. 2. Gifts for the orphanage.

What have we learned?

Morality is a system of principles and rules that regulate people's behavior from the standpoint of good and evil. It performs many functions, which are introduced in the 8th grade: educational, cognitive, regulatory, motivational. It is based on the principles of humanism, mercy, justice, and patriotism.

Social studies The main functions of the family in modern society (economic, educational, reproductive), examples in the table briefly for grade 7

Social scienceMoney as a medium of exchange: functions of measure and examples from life briefly

Main categories of morality

Morality as a system of rules is based on certain concepts. Let's look at the most important of them and find out by what criteria they are determined.

Good is a category that includes everything that contributes to the formation of a person’s spiritual world and has a positive effect on the development of society. Its opposite is evil.
Virtue is a person’s actions and behavior that correspond to moral principles. The opposite is vice.
Conscience is the ability of people to analyze their own actions from the point of view of good and evil, to draw conclusions about how to act in a similar situation in the future.
Shame is a feeling of one’s own wrongness, of not meeting the expectations of others.
Debt is a person’s idea of responsibilities based on moral principles.

Rice.
3. Caring for people with disabilities. Everyone knows the golden rule of morality: do not do to others what you would not want to do to yourself. It was formulated in ancient times by the Chinese sage Confucius. The Golden Rule is based on the principle of reciprocity: in order to evaluate the correctness of our action, we must put ourselves in the place of another person.

Morality and morality. Presentation for a lesson (grades 2, 3, 4) on the topic

Slide 1

Morality or morality class hour Presentation created by primary school teacher of Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 62” Eresko T.N.

Slide 2

Morality or ethics is a form of social consciousness that includes a set of norms and rules of human behavior.

Slide 3

Human morality includes several components: ●Firstly, a person’s knowledge of how to behave in a given case. ●Secondly, compliance with these rules in your behavior. ●Thirdly, a person’s ability to evaluate his own or others’ actions and actions.

Slide 4

Moral culture and ethics are nourished by 4 most important sources: ●Conscience ●Shame ●Responsibility ●Duty

Slide 5

Moral standards. You live among people. Your every action, every desire is reflected in people. Know that there is a line between what you want and what you can. Your wishes are the joy and tears of your loved ones. Check your actions by asking: are you causing harm, trouble, or inconvenience to people with your actions? Make those around you feel good.

Slide 6

You use goods created by other people. People give you the happiness of childhood, adolescence, youth. Pay them for it in kind.

Slide 7

All the blessings and joys of life are created by labor and only labor. When you go to school, you go to work. So do it well, with diligence and diligence.

Slide 8

Be kind and sensitive to people. Help the weak and defenseless. Don't do harm to people. Help a friend in need. Respect and honor your mother and father. They gave you life, they raised you, they want you to become honest citizens of their country, people with a pure heart, a clear mind, a kind soul.

Slide 9

Don't be tolerant of people who try to live off their father and mother. Show intolerance towards those who do not care about the interests of their country and their people.

Slide 10

Man differs from animals in his consciousness, ability to think and speak. He is characterized by spiritual activity, which includes not only self-deepening and introspection, but also creative work on self-improvement. Don't let your soul be lazy. Do not be indifferent in various spheres of life of society and the state: in the political, ethical, aesthetic, etc., be afraid of the indifferent, because with their tacit consent many crimes against humanity are committed. Be active in any civic affairs. Let your motto be the words: “If not me, then who will do it?”

Slide 11

Rules of self-education Determine your goal in life: long-term, middle, short-term. Whoever lives one day at a time will simply vegetate. Life without a goal is the death of the soul and mind.

Slide 12

Try to understand the meaning and essence of life. You cannot live if you don’t know why you live and what you want.

Slide 13

You cannot change the world for the better without changing yourself and those around you for the better. When you educate yourself, educate others.

Slide 14

In the struggle between good and evil there can be no compromise. Truth and justice do not tolerate concessions and deals. Don’t give in to meanness, otherwise you will destroy the person in you.

Slide 15

It's better to be difficult but interesting than easy but boring. Difficulty is interesting because it will reveal new qualities in you.

Slide 16

You can never say that everything has been done. A bad day is the day after which there are no tasks left for tomorrow.

Slide 17

The more you give, the richer you will be. The highest happiness is not in taking, but in giving.

Slide 18

Blame someone else less for your failures, blame yourself more often. Healthy dissatisfaction with oneself is a high virtue of a real person.

Slide 19

Train yourself to say “need”, “must” more often, “I don’t want”, “I won’t” less often.

Proper meditation technique for relaxation at all levels

There are a few things to consider before you start practicing meditation. This practice requires some work, and it is not so easy to master. But those who own it are able to fully relax in 20-40 minutes more than those who don’t – in an entire night of sleep.

For meditation you will need silence and solitude.

Body position – lying on your back or sitting upright on a chair. In any case, your back should be straight. You need to stretch the top of your head straight, feeling how your spine stretches. The eyes should be closed - the main perception is now tactile. You need to feel the part of the body that relaxes.
Each part of the body must be felt in turn. Bring all your attention to your right leg. Feel how the muscles relax in it - from the hip to the foot. Repeat the same with your left leg.
Feel how your hands relax one by one.
Relax the muscles of your back, abs, chest and shoulders. Feel the tension release from them. Feel that your torso is no longer constrained by the need to constantly hold in an unnatural position.
Relax your neck and facial muscles.

This meditation requires some practice. One day you will feel like you did everything right. Then your body will be in a state close to weightlessness - as free and relaxed as possible. You will feel that a little more - and soar from the resulting lightness.

Education of morality

From early childhood we begin to be told about what is good and what is bad. Parents and other older relatives, educators and teachers instill moral standards in children. The rest of society also participates in this - by communicating with other children in the team, the child also absorbs certain norms.

How does education and instilling of moral guidelines take place?

Personal example . The most effective, although underestimated by some, method. By nature, a child is an imitator. This is absolutely normal. In animals, young animals learn exclusively through imitation of adults, and this is also typical for humans. If parents follow moral principles, then the child, looking at them, will try to do the same.
Morals . By talking with a child about the rules of behavior, you can convey to him much of what he does not understand.
Art . Books, films and animation, plays and music convey moral standards to children under the guise of exciting stories.
Personal experience . If a child strives to do the right thing over and over again, and sees that this leads to positive results, he will strive to do so in the future.

Why is morality needed in society?

How harmoniously people can coexist in a separate society is determined by moral standards. They are not universal and change under the influence of facts of history, geography, traditions and ethnicity. Over time, the answers to questions like “what is morality for” began to differ radically. In the Middle Ages, the modern consumerist attitude to life and the desire to get rich would have been condemned. Nowadays, it is accepted that the more wealthy people in society, the better.

Morality gives rise to qualitative relationships, defining the boundaries between good and evil, bad or good actions. In general, the personal “ego” is formed from the rules that determine our entire existence, our approach to what happens around us. Therefore, the questions - why morality is needed in human life or why moral rules are needed will be relevant as long as humanity itself exists.

Distinctive features of moral standards

Universal obligation. Some categories of people cannot be convicted by law, for example, due to their young age or other reasons. Moral norms imply that for a bad deed, everyone who committed it will receive condemnation.
Voluntariness. Perhaps this is the main distinguishing feature. All residents and guests of the state are required to comply with the law. Compliance with moral standards lies on the conscience of each individual person. It depends on his upbringing and personal qualities, as well as his personal opinion about reasonableness and the acceptable framework of morality.
The special nature of sanctions for non-compliance. This sign follows from the previous one. If failure to comply with state laws is punishable by criminal or administrative penalties, failure to comply with moral standards is punishable by public censure.
Inclusiveness. Moral laws apply to everyone - from major politicians to ordinary citizens.

What distinguishes morality from laws?

Inquiring minds often ask the following question. Many aspects of people's lives are regulated through legislation. The basic laws are similar everywhere, regardless of the specifics of the state: for example, they prohibit killing, except in specified cases, for example, killing an enemy on the battlefield. The law prohibits theft, fraud, the use of deception and violence in order to take possession of someone else's property.

That is, a huge part of the norms of behavior in our lives are determined by laws. How does morality differ from them, why is it needed at all? The following answers can be given to this question.

Personal values and moral principles of society

What values you have, and how they align with the moral values of your community and your own actions, directly influence your sense of belonging and, more broadly, life satisfaction.

Personal values are principles you believe in and have invested in. Values are the goals you strive for; they largely determine the essence of personality. But more importantly, they are a source of motivation for self-improvement. People's values determine what they want personally, while morals determine what the society around those people wants for them.

Humanistic psychologists suggest that people have an innate sense of values and personal preferences that tend to be hidden beneath layers of social demands and expectations (social morality). Part of the human journey involves the gradual rediscovery of those innate and highly personal desires that are unconsciously hidden when they are found to conflict with the demands of society. However, if one takes an inventory of values, most well-socialized people will find that there is a high degree of correspondence between what they want and what society wants.

Yes, certain behaviors are considered desirable and others are not, but for the most part, as we have seen, morality is not set in stone and often reflects local cultural characteristics and historical aspects that tend to change.