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Structure of communication in psychology

When communicating, the social relationship of people to each other is realized. During the exchange of information, each person is rooted as a full member of society. The concept of “communication” is a complex form of interaction, therefore, in order to understand its essence, it is necessary to study its components:

• communication;
• interaction;
• social perception.

The diagram shows that each part is responsible for one of the sides of communication.

Scheme

What happens?

Scheme:

Communication is of the following types:

1. Interpersonal . In this case, participants communicate in an informal setting. Communication is not influenced by social status or position held, it is personal in nature.
2. Functional-role . Such communication is regulated by the social roles of its participants, for example, leader and subordinate, teacher and child, seller and buyer.

In the process of communication, communication can move from functional-role to interpersonal and vice versa. This property is often used in business.

Sides of communication

Types of communication in psychology - what they include, its functions

When characterizing the structure of communication, psychology distinguishes 3 interconnected aspects:

• perceptual;
• interactive;
• communicative.

Each of them has its own characteristics.

The communicative side of communication

The term “communication” originates from the English. communicate, which means “to convey”, “to report”. This type of contact is aimed at exchanging information, which includes:

• feelings;
• emotions;
• values;
• thoughts;
• ideas.

The communication process, according to researcher Harold Lasswell, consists of 5 elements that help information reach the addressee:

• communicator - deals with the transmission of messages;
• speech information or text - what the person to whom the message is intended must learn;
• channel – how the exchange is carried out;
• audience or recipient - the addressee to whom the information is sent;
• effectiveness is the result of assimilation of the received message.

The communicative side largely depends on the subjective information content of the individual, that is, on the characteristics of the person, his degree of awareness about the interlocutor and the topic of the conversation.

Communication side

Important! If a person's knowledge level is low, misunderstandings are likely to occur.

Example 1. A teacher is teaching new material during a social studies lesson. If he communicates with children in a professional language, without simplifying scientific terminology, not a single student will be able to understand the content of the information message.

Example 2. A person who does not know etiquette will not be accepted in a society where everyone tries to act according to the rules. An uncultured person simply will not be understood.

The exchange of information between people can occur through 2 channels:

1. Non-verbal - with the help of gestures, facial expressions, signs;
2. Verbal - using speech.

According to psychologist Allan Pease, 60-70% of all information is transmitted through brief non-verbal contact.

Perceptual side of communication

Perception, or the perceptual side of communication in psychology, is a form of human interaction that is aimed not only at perceiving and understanding the interlocutor, but also at his acceptance.

Social perception

Additional Information. If 2 people share each other's beliefs, culture and values, affection, friendship or love can develop between them.

Perceptual communication helps you “read” the people around you. By analyzing your interlocutor, you can “see” that he did not tell about himself. If your own perception is misinterpreted, conflict may arise.

Social perception helps:

1. Understand yourself. Social interaction with society is a good means of obtaining information about one's own personality. Identifying yourself with the interlocutor helps you consider your own hidden desires, needs and fears.
2. Develop emotional interaction, for example, sympathy, friendship, hostility.
3. Study your partner. Perception allows us to understand the ethics of other people. With its help, you can find the individuals you need for life and work.
4. Organize joint activities with one person or a whole group of people. Thanks to knowledge of the values, motives and attitudes of a partner, it is easier to work with him as a team.
5. Develop mutual understanding. Communication based on common views and interests is the key to a good mood and a fruitful exchange of information.

Thanks to perception, a person is able to understand the society in which he lives, as well as build relationships with people using the knowledge gained.

The interactive side of communication

The main focus of the interactive side of communication is building a strategy for subsequent effective communication.

Important! High-quality exchange of information is necessary for people to organize joint activities.

Interactive side

Among the basic principles of building interactive communication, the following four options can be distinguished:

• the presence of common motives and goals;
• high-quality transmission of verbal and non-verbal messages;
• common time and space for joint work;
• presence of coordination of actions.

Despite the fact that all requirements are the same for all persons involved in communication, the behavior of participants may differ from each other. Most often, human interaction is divided into 2 main types:

1. Cooperation. This type assumes that participants who have the same goals coordinate and combine their forces to achieve a positive result that will satisfy everyone.
2. Competition. With this type of interaction, each participant is interested only in his own success.

In addition to the main types, other behavioral strategies can be found in the psychological literature, for example:

1. Compromise is a temporary agreement to achieve partners’ goals in order to maintain relationships and conditional equality.
2. Altruism or compliance. A person is able to refuse to achieve his own goals in favor of the desires of his partner.
3. Avoidance, which is expressed in ignoring contact and abandoning one’s own goals in order to exclude the gain of another participant.

All aspects of communication that are included in the structure of communication complement each other and are interconnected. Effective contact is only possible when all 3 processes are involved.

Communication as a special type of activity

Communication is a process of interpersonal interaction through which its participants achieve certain goals or satisfy their social needs.

On the basis of such interaction, interpersonal relationships are built, and there is an exchange of experience and knowledge, information necessary for various types of activities.

The goals of communication can be different, changing behavior and motivation, exchanging thoughts, views, emotions or neutral information, and the motive for communication can be the process itself , which does not imply any specific result.

Dividing the communication structure into levels

Functions of communication in psychology and their brief description

The structural components of communication are divided into levels, each of which allows one to analyze the characteristics of the influence of one person on another, as well as the nature of their communication.

Levels according to A.B. Dobrovich

A.B. Dobrovich divided the structure of human interaction into 7 levels:

1. Primitive. He is characterized by easy and simple communication.
2. Conventional. The level at which partners are able to build communication on the rules that they themselves have established.
3. Manipulative. To obtain benefits, one of the partners may use tricks and tricks.
4. Standardized. During communication at this level, partners strive to hide their true motives, goals, desires and feelings.
5. Game. Communication is built on sympathy for the partner, the desire to make a pleasant impression on him.
6. Business. Communication involves solving any important issues that require mental activity.
7. Spiritual. This level is characterized by the presence of mutual interest of partners not only in each other, but also in joint activities. In the course of a common cause, each participant receives moral satisfaction.

It was proposed to allocate 2 times fewer levels by B.F. Lomov:

1. Macro level. A person’s relationships with other individuals are built according to social norms, customs and traditions.
2. Mesa level. Communication covers only a few substantive topics. Communication at this level can be either reusable or one-time.
3. Micro level. Interaction is built only on the basis of short contact: a handshake, a pantomic or facial act, a question and answer.

The micro level in the structure of communication is the foundation underlying all other communications.

Communication between people can be harmonious and complete only if there is a close relationship between non-verbal and verbal signals and the behavioral actions of the participants. The more individuals are focused on quality contact, the more strongly these factors need to be demonstrated.

Forms

There are the following forms of verbal communication:

1. Monologue . The level of communication, a sign of which is monologue speech. Against the background of the activity of one participant, the passivity of the other is clearly expressed. Example: a teacher giving a lecture to students.
2. Dialogue . All participants participate equally in communication. Example, any dialogue.
3. Polylogical . Communication is multilateral, characterized by a struggle between its participants for the right to participate. Example, a political television show in which several participants appear simultaneously discussing a controversial issue.

There are other views of psychologists on forms of communication. For example, forms of communication between preschoolers and their parents during teaching activities according to M. I. Lisina:

Forms of communication between preschoolers and adults:

1. Situational-personal form of communication .
   This form is characteristic of infancy. It is based on the emotional contact of a child with an adult, when toys for a preschooler remain in the background. Together with an adult who plays the role of a leader, teacher, or mentor, the child can perform more complex actions with various objects. At the same time, it is communication with adults that remains the main need of a preschooler.
2. Extra-situational-cognitive form of communication . This form occurs when the child’s attention goes beyond the existing situation, for example, a certain play activity, and he takes the initiative in an effort to understand the world around him. At the same time, the main source of knowledge for a child remains an adult.
3. Extra-situational-personal . This form involves communication with adults in various situations. It is of great importance in preparing preschoolers for school, since if a child cannot achieve the ability to interact correctly with adults and recognize their authority, then in fact this will mean a lack of psychological readiness for school.
4. Situational , business . Striving for independence with age, a child, nevertheless, is forced to turn to an adult in the process of learning about the world around him. This form of communication involves the interaction of a preschooler and an adult in the process of the child’s cognitive activity.

Psychology of business interaction

In a professional environment, it is customary to adhere to etiquette, general standards of morality and ethics.

Business communication is based on the following moral standards:

• honesty;
• decency;
• justice;
• responsibility.

But the concept of business communication also includes the psychological aspect of interpersonal relationships. They can not only be neutral-friendly, but also have the nature of fierce competition and struggle.

Business communication is not only the ability to speak, look and conduct business well, but also the ability to build interpersonal relationships.

Components of Communication Relationship

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According to the concept presented by A.N. Leontiev, a Soviet psychologist, philosopher and teacher, the components of communication in the form of a communicative relationship are:

• the subject of communication is the partner as a subject;
• the need for communication is one of the main social human needs, expressing the desire for self-knowledge, evaluation of other people and their achievements;
• actions in the process of communication - units or full-fledged acts that are directed towards the interlocutor and his responses;
• tasks and goals of communication activities;
• products obtained as a result of communication - education of a spiritual or material nature.

Communication at the level of information exchange can only be considered if the switch (the one who addresses the message to another interlocutor) and the recipient (the one who receives it) use speech as a means of communication.

This is also possible if the meanings of all gestures, words and other signs, including written ones, are equally known to all participants in the communicative relationship.

In the process of communication, a person can not only transmit information, but also monitor the reaction of partners to his message or behavior. This mechanism is called feedback, which can be immediate (direct) and indirect (veiled).