Interpersonal communication is the interaction of an individual with other individuals. Interpersonal communication is marked by inevitability, as well as by the regularity of its occurrence in various real groups. Interpersonal subjective relationships are a reflection of communication between members of the same group, which serve as a subject of study for social psychology.
The main goal of studying interpersonal interaction or interaction within a group is an in-depth study of various social factors, various interactions of individuals included in this group. If there is no contact between people, then the human community will not be able to carry out joint full-fledged activities, since proper mutual understanding will not be achieved between them. For example, in order for a teacher to teach students, he first needs to enter into communication.
Interpersonal relationships and communication
Communication is a multifaceted process of developing contacts between individuals, which are generated by the needs of joint activities. Let's consider communication in the system of interpersonal relationships, as well as the interactions of individuals. Let us determine the place of communication in the structure of interpersonal interaction, as well as the interaction of individuals.
In interpersonal interaction, three main tasks are considered: first, interpersonal perception; second, understanding a person; third, the formation of interpersonal relationships, as well as the provision of psychological influence. The concept of “man's perception by man” is insufficient for the final knowledge of people. Subsequently, the concept of “understanding a person” is added to it, which includes connecting to the process of human perception and other cognitive processes. The effectiveness of perception is directly related to a personality trait (socio-psychological observation), which will allow one to detect subtle, but very important for understanding, features in an individual’s behavior.
Features of interpersonal communication are noted in the perception of speech and depend on the state of health, age, gender, nationality, temperament, attitudes, communication experience, personal and professional characteristics. With age, a person’s emotional states differentiate; the individual begins to perceive the world around him through the prism of his personal national way of life.
Individuals with a high level of social intelligence are more effective and successful in determining various mental states, as well as interpersonal relationships, and the object of cognition is both the social and physical appearance of a person.
Initially, a person’s perception is fixed on his physical appearance, which includes functional, physiological, and paralinguistic characteristics. Physiological characteristics include sweating, breathing, and blood circulation. Functional features include posture, posture, gait, non-verbal communication features (facial expressions, body movements, gestures). Clearly, emotions are easy to differentiate, but unexpressed and mixed mental states are much more difficult to recognize. Social appearance includes the social design of appearance (a person’s clothing, shoes, accessories), paralinguistic, speech, proxemic and activity characteristics.
Proxemic features include the state between the communicaters, as well as their relative position. Extralinguistic features of speech include the originality of the voice, pitch, and timbre. When perceiving an individual, social characteristics in comparison with physical appearance are the most informative. The process of cognition of an individual consists of mechanisms that distort ideas about the perceived person. Mechanisms that distort the image of what is perceived limit the possibility of objective knowledge of people. Significant of them are the mechanisms of primacy or novelty, which boil down to the fact that the first impression of what is perceived influences the subsequent formation of the image of the cognizable object.
When perceiving an individual, as well as his understanding, the subject unconsciously selects various mechanisms of interpersonal cognition. The main mechanism is the correlation (interpretation) of personal experience of knowing people with the perception of a given individual.
Identification in interpersonal cognition appears as identification with another individual. The subject also uses the mechanism of causal attribution, when certain reasons and motives are attributed to the perceived object that explain its characteristics and actions. The mechanism of reflection of another individual in interpersonal cognition is marked by the subject’s awareness of how he is perceived by the object.
Interpersonal understanding and perception of an object is carried out under a fairly strict order of functioning of the mechanisms of interpersonal cognition, namely from simple to complex. In the process of interpersonal cognition, the subject takes into account all the information received by him, which indicates a change in the state of the partner during communication. The conditions of an individual’s perception include time, situations, and place of communication. Reducing the time at the moment of perception of an object reduces the ability of the perceiver to obtain sufficient information about it. With close and prolonged contact, evaluators show favoritism and condescension.
Interpersonal relationships are an integral part of interaction and are also considered in its context.
The psychology of interpersonal relationships is the relationships between individuals experienced and perceived to varying degrees. They are based on the various emotional states of interacting individuals, as well as their psychological characteristics. Sometimes interpersonal connections are called emotional, expressive. The development of interpersonal relationships is determined by age, gender, nationality and other factors. Women have a much smaller social circle than men. They need interpersonal communication for self-disclosure, to convey personal information about themselves to others. Women also complain more often of loneliness. For them, the most significant features are those noted in interpersonal relationships, and for men, business qualities are important.
Interpersonal relationships dynamically develop according to the following pattern: they are born, consolidated, and also reach a certain maturity, then they can gradually weaken. The dynamics of the development of interpersonal relationships consists of the following stages: acquaintance, companionship, friendly and friendly relations. The mechanism of development in interpersonal relationships is empathy, which is the response of one person to the experiences of another. Compared to rural areas, in urban conditions, interpersonal contacts are most numerous, quickly established and quickly interrupted.
Bottom line
Communication between two people leads to the emergence of a relationship if the interlocutors show interest in each other, begin to get to know and understand each other, and also wish to continue contacts, since their personal goals can be realized at the expense of each other. Influencing in order to achieve one's goals is normal, because otherwise people have no other motive to interact with each other.
Interpersonal relationships can be as varied and unpredictable as communication itself. It is worth noting that in addition to all the actions that people perform, communication plays the most important role. People pronounce words and express their attitude intonationally, through which their main interaction occurs. And after communication, actions are taken based on the influence that prevailed over them.
The quality of communication affects what the relationship will be like. Psychologists study two areas of a person’s life, providing services to improve relationships or communication with the goal of maximizing the achievement of their goals, not on the principle of “either I win or he wins,” but on the principle of “both win.”
Psychology of Interpersonal Communication
Communication is one of the central ones in psychological science and stands alongside such categories as “thinking,” “behavior,” “personality,” and “relationships.”
Interpersonal communication in psychology is a process of interaction aimed at mutual establishment, cognition, development of relationships, and also involves mutual influence on the states, behavior, views, regulation of the joint activities of all participants in the process. In social psychology over the past 25 years, the study of the problem of communication has become one of the central areas of study in psychological science.
Communication in psychology is understood as the reality of human relationships, which involves various forms of joint activity of individuals. Communication is not only a subject of psychological research, and one of the methodological principles for revealing this relationship is the idea of the unity of activity and communication. But the nature of this connection is understood differently. Sometimes communication and activity are considered as two sides of a person’s social existence; in other cases, communication is perceived as an element of various activities, and activity is considered as a condition for communication. Communication is also interpreted as a special type of activity. In the process of communication, a mutual exchange of activities, ideas, feelings, ideas occurs, and a system of “subject-subject(s)” relations develops and manifests itself.
Problems of interpersonal communication are often noted in motivational as well as operational difficulties that correlate with two sides of communication - interactive and communicative. Problems manifest themselves in affective, cognitive, and behavioral domains. They are characterized by a lack of desire to understand the interlocutor, the characteristics of his personality, internal state, and interests. Problems of interpersonal communication can be noted in the following: taking advantage of the interlocutor using flattery, intimidation, deception, showing off, demonstrating care and kindness.
Models of communicative personality
By a communicative personality we will, following V. Kashkin, understand the totality of individual communicative strategies and tactics, cognitive, semiotic, motivational preferences formed in communication processes.
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Communicative personality
... of other names naming the subject of conversation, the anthroponym can designate the communicants themselves. The communicative function of an anthroponym is self-awareness and self-determination of a communicative personality as a participant in communication and social life (80% of which is ...
An individual and a communicative personality are not the same thing. Different personalities can coexist within one individual. The concept of multiple personality is now also widespread in psychology. The extreme manifestation of this is clinical dual personality (mental disorder), but a healthy person also manifests himself in various areas, in various linguistic markets.
The defining parameters for a communicative personality are three: motivational, cognitive and functional.
.
Motivational parameter
determined
by communication needs
and occupies a central place in the structure of the communicative personality. If there is no need, then there is no communication, or there is pseudo-communication, most likely determined by the psychological need for the communication process as such, and not for the transmission of a message (loneliness, gaming socialization, etc.).
Based on the communicative need, a communicative attitude
, which is pursued by the communicative personality.
Cognitive parameter
includes many characteristics that form the individual’s inner world in the process of accumulating cognitive experience: knowledge of communicative codes, the ability to carry out introspection and self-reflection, that is, introspection and self-awareness, metacommunication skills, the ability to adequately assess the cognitive and communicative horizon of the communicant partner, myths and prejudices, stereotypes and beliefs. The success of communication and the impact on the interlocutor largely depend on the compatibility of the cognitive characteristics of the communicants.
Functional Parameter
includes three characteristics that determine the communicative competence of an individual: practical knowledge of verbal and non-verbal means to carry out communicative functions; the ability to vary communicative means in the communication process in connection with changes in the situation and communication conditions; constructing discourse in accordance with code norms and etiquette rules.
Now about models or types of communicative personality. There are four of them.
- Dominant communicator
: strives to take the initiative, does not like to be interrupted, is harsh, mocking, speaks louder than others. To “fight” such a communicant, it is useless to use his own techniques; it is better to adopt the strategy of “speech exhaustion” (enter speech after a pause, quickly formulate your position, questions, requests, use “cumulative tactics”). - Mobile communicator
: easily enters into a conversation, moves from topic to topic, speaks a lot, interestingly and with pleasure, does not get lost in an unfamiliar communication situation. You should sometimes - in your own interests - return it to the desired topic. - Rigid communicator
: experiences difficulties in the contact-building phase of communication, then is clear and logical. It is recommended to use the strategy of 'warming up' the partner (introductory part about the weather, etc.). - Introverted communicator
: does not strive to take the initiative, gives it away, is shy and modest, constrained in an unexpected communication situation. When communicating with him, you should speak calmly and not interrupt.
Some experts distinguish types of linguistic personality depending on the areas of literature.
For all types of oral literature, the creator of speech coincides with the linguistic personality - the individual speaker. In written literature with the handwritten technique, the creator of the speech also coincides with the individual (except for documents).
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Communication success and communication skills
... and non-verbal techniques with the goals and objectives of communication, the communicative perspective, the systemic cohesion of the elements of the communicative strategy, the practical feasibility of individual tactical moves. Methods... intention contributes to the achievement of a common goal. — Communicative experience is directly related to the formation of a communicative personality. The meanings of words are stored as a memory of...
In documents, the creator of the speech can be collegial; one document can be created by different legal entities. Such a linguistic personality can be called collegial
. In printed literature, the work of the author and the publisher (creation and replication of the text) is divided.
Here we have a cooperative speaker
. Texts of mass communication combine the features of collegial and cooperative speech activity (news agency + editorial staff + publishing house), therefore, we have a collegial-cooperative linguistic personality. Computer science as a type of literature contains three types of activities (summary and annotation as a complex work on the analysis of the primary text and the synthesis of the secondary + information retrieval + automated control), therefore it is a collective speech activity.
A communicative personality is the most important component of personality in general, because communication occupies 80% of all human existence (listening - 45%, speaking - 30%, reading - 16%, writing - 9%).
Interpersonal communication among youth
Adolescence and young adulthood are a critical period in the process of interpersonal evolution. From the age of 14, the formation of interpersonal relationships begins, in which attitudes towards subjects of reality play a different role: to older people, to parents, to classmates, to teachers, to friends, to one’s own personality, to representatives of other religions and nationalities, to patients and drug addicts.
The psychological world of a teenager is often turned to inner life; the young man is often thoughtful and fantasizing. The same period is marked by intolerance, irritability, and a tendency to aggression. By the age of 16, the stage of self-knowledge and self-affirmation begins, which is noted in increased observation. Gradually, among young people, the degree of what is unacceptable, as well as what is not accepted, tends to increase. This comes from the fact that young people become very critical of reality.
Problems of interpersonal communication among young people manifest themselves in the form of conflicts among students, which destabilize the emotional background in the team, in the group. Often, conflicts and quarrels among young people occur due to inability or lack of compassion and unwillingness to respect others. Often protests occur due to a lack of education, as well as a violation of the culture of behavior. Often the protest is targeted, i.e. directed against the culprit of the conflict situation. As soon as the conflict is resolved, the young man calms down.
In order to avoid such situations, adults are advised to maintain a calm, polite tone in communication. You should refrain from making categorical judgments about a teenager, especially when it comes to issues of fashion and music.
Adults need to try to compromise, give in in an argument, avoiding the red rag syndrome. It is especially painful if the scandal is observed by the young man’s friends or peers, so adults should give in and not be sarcastic, because only good relationships contribute to the improvement of relationships.
Techniques for self-regulation of behavior
Self-regulation is the control of one’s own psycho-emotional state using certain thinking, images, body and breathing control.
Natural techniques are the simplest group of techniques that do not require additional effort or concentration. This may include:
- humor, laughter,
- positive perception (reproduction of pleasant images, events, scenarios, etc. in the head),
- relaxing movements (stretching, current control of muscle tone, etc.),
- contemplation (observation of paintings, nature, interior elements, etc.),
- compliments to the interlocutor.
Self-regulation through breathing control is the use of special breathing techniques .
Removing barriers
Improving organizational communications and eliminating barriers in organizations is facilitated by:
- Streamlining the communication process.
- Effective use of graphics.
- The most effective method of improving communications is filtering information.
- Barriers caused by the perception of information. To eliminate this barrier, the position (installation) of the recipient should be clarified and adjusted to the transfer of information.
- To eliminate semantic barriers caused by different understandings of the symbols exchanged between the sender and recipient of information, employees need to avoid narrow professional jargon and acquire a culture of speech.
- To eliminate nonverbal barriers that arise as a result of incorrect interpretation by participants in the communicative process of eye expression, facial expressions, gestures, intonation, voice modulation, etc., it is necessary to be able to “read” people by their nonverbal signals.
- Learn to listen and convey information from participants in the communication process.
- It is necessary to provide sufficient information.
- Wrong psychological attitude. To overcome a stereotype of thinking, when forming a message, you need to remember, firstly, that the message must be thought through and have confidence that it is not distorted by a stereotype, and secondly, determine what stereotype the recipient has and how to construct the message so that the recipient was not influenced by the stereotype.
- Improving feedback.
- Increasing the efficiency of information accounting.
Within each management system, it is necessary to select methods for improving communications that will correspond to the culture of the organization, its technical potential, and the degree of importance of tasks at a certain stage of development. Constant modification of communication links is necessary to strengthen mutual understanding between employees of the organization and form its positive image in the environment.
