ACTIVITY: CONCEPT, CONTENT, GOALS, MOTIVES - PSYCHOLOGY. LECTURE COURSE

Human activity is regulated by his motives and consciously set goals.

In their absence, motives would be subordinated only to emotions that are short-lived, and actions would be chaotic .

What are motives and goals? What function do they perform in human life?

What is locus of control and how is it related to human activity? Find out about this from our article.

Motives and goals, what are they?

Motive is what motivates a person to engage in any activity that is aimed at satisfying a need for something.

When a person has a motive, he has the energy to achieve certain results and perform actions.

The motive can also be aimed not only at carrying out any activity, but also at refusing it .

A motive cannot always be explained in itself; it is understandable only when considering the factors that make up the general mental structure of a person; it is an impulse that forces a person to move towards a goal.

The set of stable motives that orient the activity of an individual determine the direction of the individual, his aspiration towards life goals.

A goal is what a person consciously strives for, the result of his activities aimed at achieving a certain result. It can also be the process of any activity itself, involvement in it.

In order to set a goal, first of all, a person must have motivation for it , for example, self-affirmation, material wealth, self-realization. In this case, the goal is often determined by several motives.

Goals also motivate a person to act.

Moreover, the more specifically they are stated, the greater the motivating force they have.

General, unspecified goals provide little incentive to take any action.

Structure of the phenomenon

Any activity has a general nature and direction. The structure of human activity looks quite laconically, the diagram of which can be presented as follows: goal → motive → result. But this chain does not contain all the links. Moreover, it is characterized by the cyclical nature of the process repetition. And the beginning of such a chain is based on the result of previous activity. It is, rather, a spiral that rushes towards the perfection of man and society.

Before setting a goal, a person must feel the need and the motive for activity arising from it. Moreover, the result is not the end of the chain, but serves as the basis for a new stage in the active development of the individual, from setting a goal (task) based on a specific motive to the process of achieving a result using selected techniques and means of achieving it. This is the logical structure and its stages. These are links of one chain, and they act as the structure of human activity:

1. Need.
2. Motive.
3. Target.
4. Process.
5. Method (way) of implementation.
6. Result.

Each element performs a specific function and is important for the entire process. Without an identified need, it is impossible to determine the authorship of the goal. This form of activity does not have a result, or it is alienated from the subject of the activity, does not belong to him and does not serve its purpose, since it makes the whole process meaningless.

If the process replaces the result, people lose interest in this area of ​​activity. If the result does not meet expectations, the individual loses meaning and may degrade due to the lack of the most important quality of human activity - awareness of its goal.

How are they determined?

Motives and goals reflect human needs, which force a person to look for ways to satisfy them.

Abraham Maslow, a famous American psychologist, presented the following basic needs that determine the goals and motives of an individual :

1. In the first place is a person’s concern for his physiological needs, food, sleep, sex, and maintaining health.
2. When satisfying primary needs, a person will be concerned with his safety and comfort , health prevention, home improvement, constancy and safety of the conditions in which he lives.
3. Being a social being, at the third stage a person will strive to establish interpersonal relationships , communication, friendship, joint activities, caring for another person, etc.
4. With the normalization of social needs, the individual will need to achieve a certain attitude towards himself in society , respect, recognition, career growth, and a high assessment of his own actions.
5. At the last stage spiritual needs , the process of cognition, creativity, self-expression, and personal development are revealed.

Accordingly, first of all, a person is inclined to satisfy physiological needs, and only after they are realized do spiritual needs arise.

Some needs are permanent ; a person will always strive to satisfy them. Others may occur periodically, and some may be fickle, short-lived, and after they are satisfied, the person forgets about them.

Also, a person may have several needs at the same time, which can cause a conflict of motives.

Analysis and synthesis

Forms of activity are studied by a complex of social and humanitarian sciences. One of their tasks is to reveal the nature of goal-setting in human activity in order to motivate every member of society to socially significant activity and prevent antisocial motives and antisocial orientation in people’s actions.

Analysis of all elements of the chain allows us to discover cause-and-effect patterns of interaction between motives and results of activities, goals and forms of the process, thereby helping to understand the driving forces of society.

The structure itself does not have a linear orientation. It is repeated, intersects with other forms and methods of action of a person and a group, is absorbed, and sometimes is interrupted without ending in achieving the goal.

Analysis of the structure of activity of a completed cycle gives an idea of ​​the strength of motivation, ways of applying energy to solve problems, and other socio-psychological factors of activity. It can serve as a high-quality tool for creating motivational programs and methods of organizing the labor process.

Knowledge about the causes and conditions for the formation of motives can serve as an effective tool for creating incentive programs in the process of work and professional self-realization of people.

22.Interpersonal relationships. Psychological climate and compatibility.

The degree of compatibility of people has the greatest influence on the psychological climate. Psychological climate is the emotional coloring of the psychological connections of team members, arising on the basis of their sympathy, coincidence of characters, interests, and inclinations.

Climate:

1. social: determined by awareness of the general goals and objectives of the organization

2. moral - based on the accepted values ​​of the organization

3.psychological - informal relationships that develop between employees.

Psychological compatibility is the ability of people to be close for a long time, live, communicate and interact without clashing in character.

4 types of compatibility:

1.physical (harmonious combination of physical qualities2 or several people performing a joint action)

2.psychophysical (based on the characteristics of analytical systems and the nature of temperament)

3. socio-psychological (the relationship of people with such personal attributes that contribute to the enhanced fulfillment of social roles. harmony is required)

4. social-ideological (assumes a commonality of ideological views, similarity of social charters and values)

Management styles

Authoritarian management style. The authoritarian management style is quite rigid. A leader who adheres to an authoritarian style strives to manipulate and dominate subordinates. He single-handedly makes all management decisions and strictly controls the implementation of the tasks assigned to him. The use of an authoritarian style is possible, and sometimes necessary, in such situations as: lack of order and discipline in the team, the existence of a strict time limit for making some important decisions or introducing changes, the existence of difficult conditions for the functioning of the organization, etc.

disadvantages: - deterioration of discipline in the team - decrease in labor efficiency - staff turnover - lack of creative initiative.

Democratic management style Control over the completion of tasks in a democratic management style is moderate, often based on the self-control of performers, and various incentives are present. The leader in this style of management is friendly, open in communication, tolerant of criticism, delegates authority, tries to create in his subordinates a sense of belonging to the common cause, a spirit of cooperation, and mutual understanding in the team.

Liberal management style. A leader in a liberal management style avoids making any strategically important decisions, is indifferent to criticism, he is not interested in the needs of his subordinates, he does not clearly distribute tasks, responsibilities and rights between them, control on his part is, as a rule, insignificant.

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21. The concept of a team and their classification. The relationship between the concepts of “group” and “team”

A team is a group where interpersonal relationships are mediated by the socially valuable and personally significant content of joint activities.

Team requirements:

1. group must be effective in relation to core activities

2. the group must have high morals

3. create for everyone in the group the opportunity to develop as an individual.

4.be capable of creativity.

Methods and modes of activity

Analysis of the structure of activity logically forces us to answer a number of questions.

How are the goal and the result interconnected, how do these moments influence each other? What is the motive of activity? In what way does he manifest himself in the process of achieving the goal?

Indeed, if a motive is an internal engine, then the way or method of achieving a goal is an external form of implementation of an activity. And it must be adequate to the purpose. The correspondence of the methods and methods to the obtained result is a qualitative characteristic of the process. The discrepancy between the forms and content of activity and the set goal can have negative consequences both for the individual and for the immediate environment.

If a person strives to become educated, and his internal motive is the need for knowledge, then purchasing a diploma will never be an adequate form of achieving the goal. Characteristics of the structure of activity always give an idea of ​​the adequacy of the goal, methods and results of the process.

A process is always an action. Characteristics of the structure of activity of different options give an idea of ​​possible ways of development of events. Actions can lead to a result, then they form a useful process. Actions at the level of affects, habits, false beliefs, misconceptions regarding the goal are inappropriate and lead to unpredictable results.

Rational activity and personality

Human activity, the purpose of which is self-improvement, deserves special attention. During the implementation of this process, the structure of human activity has personal potential as its subject and basis. Each person has this opportunity. But not every person is ready to work on themselves. Only a highly developed individual understands that he himself is the best subject of his own development. What features does this process have?

• The ability to be fully responsible for the results of one’s development.
• The ability to achieve success in activities in which a person realizes himself fully.
• The goal has a deep life meaning, usually significant for society, going beyond the personal needs of the individual.
• A high level of organization of personal space, subordination of the way of life to the set goal.

It should be noted that any human activity, the purpose of which satisfies him, is an element of self-improvement. The fact is that joy is always the discovery of one’s own boundaries and possibilities. In addition, it also provides a positive attitude, which encourages others to work together and helps increase the energy of this process.

Even Aristotle, the father of Logic, called purposeful activity a great benefit for society and man. All the true values ​​of life acquire even greater significance over time. Aristotle's words are undoubtedly relevant to this day.

Psychology of the management process.

Management psychology is a branch of psychology that studies the psychological patterns of management activity. The main task of management psychology is to analyze the psychological conditions and characteristics of management activities in order to increase the efficiency and quality of work in the management system. The management process is implemented in the activities of the manager, in which management psychology highlights the following points: diagnostics and forecasting of the state and changes of the management subsystem; formation of a program of activities of subordinates aimed at changing the states of the controlled object in a given direction; organization of execution of the decision. In the personality of a manager, management psychology distinguishes between his managerial needs and abilities, as well as his individual management concept, which includes a super task, problematic content, management plans and principles and rules of management internally accepted by the individual. The management subsystem studied by management psychology is usually represented by the joint activities of a large group of hierarchically interconnected managers. Basic methods of management psychology Management psychology as a science is based on various psychological methods, the main of which are observation and experiment.

By its nature and essence, observation is a complex objective psychological process of reflecting reality. Its complexity is determined by the fact that it is carried out in the natural setting of the functioning of the organization, in which the place and role of the researcher as an observer has a certain influence and impact on the observed, on the one hand, and on the selection and synthesis of information, on the other. In addition, in most cases, the role of the researcher is passive, since he only records the manifested opinion or attitude of people towards processes, facts and phenomena.

An experiment is one of the most unique and difficult to master methods of collecting information. Carrying out the experiment allows us to obtain very unique information, which is simply not possible to obtain by other methods. For example, in order to increase labor productivity, the enterprise decided to use a number of new forms of moral and material incentives. However, it is unclear whether this will lead to the desired result or, on the contrary, will it entail negative consequences and reduce the effect of using previously introduced and established forms of reward for conscientious work? Here an experiment comes to the aid of the manager, which, due to its capabilities, can “play out” a certain situation and “give out” valuable information. The main purpose of it is to test hypotheses, the results of which have direct implications for practice and various management decisions.

23. Psychology of mass socio-psychological phenomena.

Mass psychological phenomena are the simultaneous manifestation of one of the sides by the consciousness of many people. These include:

1. public opinion (a single content judgment of the collective activities of individuals)

2.collective experience (identity of the emotional state of people belonging to a social community)

3. competition (interaction of individuals, teams, groups during which the desire of the parties to surpass each other’s results arises and is realized)

4.imitation (conscious and unconscious copying of a sample)

5.group activities

24.Methods for studying interpersonal relationships in production teams and their regulation

Interpersonal relationships are a reflection of objective connections and interactions between people who are members of the same group. The complexity of this phenomenon gives rise to many points of view. Interpersonal relationships can be divided into formal and informal. In the first case, they are determined by a certain formal organizational structure, in the second - by the desires, aspirations, and preferences of people. Official relations are documented and controlled; they are usually strictly regulated. Informal relationships may be recognized and even encouraged by the group, but they are not regulated by any official structure or documents.

There are 4 methods of study: observation method, experimental method, biographical and introspection

Relationships are also divided into business and personal. Business relations are again connected with some socially useful activity - labor, education, and are determined by it. Business relationships are also most often, but not always, secured by job descriptions, some rules, regulations.

Transformative activities

This type of activity includes numerous subsections. Its first and at the same time main task is to support both the spiritual and practical activities of man. The second type is the transformation of society as a whole, on the one hand, and the transformation of some resources into others, on the other hand. The first type implies a change human consciousness. It also includes several points:

1. Value-oriented activities.
2. Cognitive.
3. Prognostic.

Each of them is directed in a strictly defined direction, which allows us to form in the human mind the necessary knowledge that will be able to change a person and his point of view on this world.