15 substances that speed up brain function and improve memory

With the pace of medical and technological progress, the day is surely not far off when anyone can use one pill to “overclock” their brain, like a computer. But until magic pills are invented, it is worth paying attention to the remedies available now - nootropics. This group of substances includes all neurometabolic stimulants that have a pronounced positive effect on human brain functions. The main source of nootropics is not the chemical industry, but Mother Nature, and her arsenal is truly huge.

Today we will present to your attention a hit parade of fifteen substances that improve memory and stimulate brain function. It is unlikely that with their help you will be able to become the next Einstein, but you will certainly be able to increase your efficiency, concentration and resistance to stress, and at the same time improve your health and prolong your youth. The article contains specific recommendations for taking nootropic substances and medicinal plant extracts.

But before you start reading, please keep a few important points in mind:

• Natural dietary supplements and plant extracts, while harmless, may have contraindications, cause allergic reactions and have side effects. Therefore, taking them without consulting a doctor who knows your anamnesis and medical history is strictly not recommended;
• The dosage of nootropics, duration and alternation of courses of treatment should also be established individually, based on the person’s age and the characteristics of his body. That is, if your doctor said that ginseng is useful, this does not mean that you need to eat handfuls of it for a whole year in a row;
• The best is the enemy of the good, remember this when standing at the pharmacy counter with dozens of bright jars. There is no need to take several remedies at the same time, hoping to achieve a more pronounced effect. It is better to alternate nootropics and focus on your sensations in order to determine exactly the substance that helps stimulate brain activity and improve memory specifically for you;
• Be sure to track your progress with special tests and exercises. This is the only way to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the chosen nootropic and replace it with another drug, if necessary.

Gliatilin

Gliatilin is an original nootropic drug with central action based on choline alfoscerate. This means that it enhances the cholinergic system of the brain, which is responsible for important brain functions such as memory, attention and brain activity. In addition, the cholinergic system enables the functioning of such important cognitive processes as: perception, the ability to consistently perform daily activities, speech and executive functions.

Disruption of the cholinergic system leads to difficulties in active intellectual and daily activities. For the most effective effect, the doctor may prescribe a course of Gliatilin. The phosphate form of the drug allows for rapid delivery of the active substance (choline alfoscerate) to the brain and promotes its absorption in maximum concentration. Thus, active stimulation of thought processes and memory improvement are observed.

Introduction

The human body has a special system for protecting the brain from the penetration of large molecules, including infectious agents - this is the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Let's take a closer look at its structure (Fig. 1). The first line of defense is a dense layer of capillary endothelium connected by tight junctions. Unlike most capillaries in the body, they do not have large gaps (pores) for the passage of some plasma proteins [1]. Further on the way to the brain are pericytes (connective tissue cells) and astrocytes (auxiliary cells in the nervous tissue), which mechanically do not allow molecules larger than a certain size to pass through. The blood-brain barrier does not allow substances of more than 400–500 Da by mass to pass through, depending on the properties of the substance. (For comparison, human serum albumin, the most abundant protein in the blood, has a mass of 65,000 Da). The barrier is also impermeable to ions, but allows fat-soluble substances, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, some painkillers and alcohol to pass through (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Diagram of the structure of the blood-brain barrier.

E - capillary cells connected by tight junctions; A - substances that do not penetrate the BBB; B - substances that penetrate the BBB in any way described below. Arrows indicate protein systems for transporting substances into and out of the cell.

drawing by the author of the article

Thus, for a long time it was believed that the brain was completely protected from the penetration of certain substances from the blood, until the possibility of passage through the BBB was discovered. This delivery method is needed primarily to deliver drugs to the nervous system, so it was important to find ways to overcome the barrier: weaken the cellular contacts of the endothelium (cellular layer) of brain capillaries, use systems for transporting substances through the capillary membrane, or penetrate the brain using endocytosis [2]. These methods have their drawbacks, for example, the destruction of endothelial tight junctions led to local accumulation of substances in the brain, increased intracranial pressure and required significant time to restore the barrier [3]. The use of water-soluble metabolite transport systems to deliver the active substance to the brain imposes restrictions on the substance itself. In this case, it must either imitate a cell metabolite “usual” for a given transporter protein, or bind to a metabolite to pass through the membrane [4]. Transport of substances by endocytosis (capture of external material) by endothelial cells also has its disadvantages - nonspecific endocytosis is minimized in brain capillaries, and specific endocytosis often involves partial passage of the substance. For example, when iron ions are delivered through the protein ferritin, this protein binds to a receptor on the endothelium of the capillary, penetrates the cell, releases iron ions for their further transport to the brain, and then is removed from the cell back into the lumen of the capillary [5]. All of the methods listed above have a common nuance - the substance enters the brain through the blood, which means that the substance is distributed evenly throughout the body, so its systemic effect must be taken into account. This imposes additional restrictions and increases the time it takes to test a new drug. In recent decades, scientists have tried to overcome the barrier and deliver drugs using nanoparticles injected into the blood [6–8].

Nanoparticles are a collective name for a group of substances ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm. They may differ in shape and properties, depending on the way they overcome the BBB. These can be various polymers, natural or synthetic, or metal particles. However, so far, nanoparticles have not shown the best results as drug transporters across the barrier when administered into the blood, and the mode of their penetration through the barrier is still a controversial issue [9]. As Francesco Eldro noted, a lot of time has been spent on changing (modifying) the active ingredients in drugs to overcome the barrier, but much less has been studied on how they penetrate the brain [10], [11].

There are ways to penetrate the nervous system, even bypassing the stage of entering the blood. Of course, you can drill a hole in the skull and inject the substance with a needle through the barrier - this is a fairly effective way to overcome the BBB. The only drawback is that the injected substance practically does not spread throughout the brain [12]. But there is a much less invasive option - to penetrate the brain through the nasal cavity, bypassing the BBB. Let's consider why this method is of particular interest to scientists. Let us recall the structure of the olfactory system of vertebrates using the example of a mouse (Fig. 2). In the nasal cavity there is a special area of ​​accumulation of receptor endings of neurons - the olfactory epithelium. From the dendrites, the signal passes through the body, is transported along the axon and is transmitted to the mitral cell, which is part of the olfactory bulb; the site of transmission is called a synapse.

Figure 2. Structure of the olfactory system.

( a ) — sectional structure of the olfactory system of a mouse. OE - olfactory epithelium, OL - olfactory bulb, LOT - lateral olfactory tract. ( b ) — structure of the mouse olfactory bulb. AK ) - axons of olfactory receptors, GS - glomerular layer, MC - mitral layer, 1 and 2 - outer and inner plexiform layers of the olfactory bulb.

drawing by the author of the article

The mitral cell bodies form the mitral layer, and the axons of these cells form the lateral olfactory tract. It transmits information about odors to the brain centers that process the signal. Due to the “availability” of this method of entering the brain, which, in addition, does not require serious restrictions on the structure and size of substances, this topic requires a more detailed analysis.

This work is devoted to studying the process of penetration of nanoparticles into the brain through the nasal cavity. This route is relevant not only from the point of view of drug delivery, but also from the point of view of studying the process of penetration of viruses into the brain. Everyone now hears a specific symptom of coronavirus infection - loss of smell, which indicates the possibility of non-specific penetration of any substance into our nervous system.

Lecithin

The main organ of the nervous system, the brain, consists of one third of the phospholipid lecithin. Yes, the same one that we have strongly associated with the yolks of chicken eggs since childhood. The peripheral nervous system, by the way, also consists of 17% lecithin. The components of this substance are present in varying quantities in the cells and tissues of the entire human body and are involved in the synthesis of hormones, enzymes and mediators. This is why a lack of lecithin has fatal consequences: the functioning of all organs and systems is disrupted.

In the presence of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), lecithin is transformed into acetylcholine, the most important neurotransmitter on which the speed of nervous reactions, the ability to concentrate, remember and analyze information depend. In addition, lecithin ensures more complete absorption of all fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, , K). It is the achievement of a healthy vitamin status that underlies neurodietology - the science of proper nutrition for the brain and nervous system as a whole. A person’s intellectual abilities, which are formed in infancy, directly depend on how well the body is supplied with vitamins.

During the first year of life, the baby receives huge doses of lecithin from breast milk. It is noteworthy that milk contains 100 times more lecithin than in the entire circulatory system of a nursing mother. If breastfeeding is not possible, you need to select a milk formula for the baby with the most optimal content of phospholipids. The speed of speech and motor development, resistance to stress, ability to socially adapt, and academic performance in preschool and school will depend on whether a child’s body receives a sufficient amount of lecithin in the first years of life.

An adult who is not only engaged in mental work or high-precision production, but also regularly exposed to stress and forced to concentrate for a long time (drivers, salespeople) really needs lecithin. By enriching your diet with this phospholipid, you will feel tired less often and will be able to prolong your youth and ability to work. Lecithin is found in large quantities in eggs, chicken and beef liver, fatty fish, seeds and nuts, as well as in all legumes, especially soybeans. It is from soy that most dietary supplements with lecithin are produced.

It is recommended that a child receive 1-4 grams of lecithin per day, and an adult – 5-6 grams. To achieve a pronounced effect, preparations with lecithin are taken for at least three months; only during this period can memory be significantly improved and mental performance increased. Lecithin has no contraindications; moreover, this valuable phospholipid will help you not only stimulate the brain, but also support the body as a whole.

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Lecithin is another unique product

How to “accelerate” your brain for children and adults

The human brain is one of the most complex and poorly understood systems, all of whose capabilities we do not yet know. However, over the years of research, enough information has accumulated on how to activate and improve brain function. Today we will talk about how to develop the intelligence of children and adults, and consider various ways to activate brain activity.

A little theory

The human brain is an organ of the central nervous system and consists of many brain cells and neurons (about 100 million of both). In size it can be compared to a medium-sized head of cauliflower; the brain weighs 1-2 kg (1020-1970 grams). It is worth noting that mental abilities are not related to brain size. Thus, the largest and heaviest brain (2850 grams) was found in a person suffering from mental retardation.

The brain consists of 4 main sections, each of which has its own functions:

1. Medulla. Located in the back of the skull, it is a kind of transition from the brain to the spinal cord. The main function of this department is reflex. Thanks to the medulla oblongata, reflex actions such as coughing, sneezing, etc. are carried out, breathing processes and cardiac activity are regulated. The medulla oblongata connects the spinal cord with the overlying parts of the brain - it conducts signals from one to another.
2. Rhomboid (hind) brain. Consists of the pons and cerebellum, located in the back of the skull near the medulla oblongata under the hemispheres. Responsible for coordination of movements, maintaining body position in space and balance, regulation of muscle tone, and the implementation of a number of reflexes associated with the vestibular apparatus and muscles.
3. Midbrain. Located exactly in the middle of the skull. With its help, it is possible to correctly orient a person in space, maintain body posture and regulate muscle tone, and primary processing of data from the senses (vision and hearing).
4. Forebrain. In turn, it is divided into: Diencephalon. Located above the middle, consists of the thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus. This is where information comes from all senses, which is processed and selected for further transmission to the cerebral cortex (the most important and significant information is selected). This department is also responsible for the emergence and regulation of emotions, for ensuring the activity of all organs and systems of the body, for ensuring the constancy of the internal environment, and metabolism. The centers of pleasure/displeasure, thirst/satiation, fear, etc. are located here.
5. Finite brain. Represented by the cerebral cortex. It is here that the most complex processes are carried out: conscious behavior, thinking, development of intelligence, final processing, analysis and evaluation of information from the senses, coordination of all activities of the body, etc.

It turns out that the leading part of the brain is the telencephalon or cerebral cortex. This is where the main efforts should be directed to activate the brain. At the same time, it is worth remembering that only the coordinated work of all parts can ensure the functioning of mental activity at the highest level.

"Feeding" for the brain

Our brain needs nutrients and vitamins no less than other organs. They are especially necessary for children, because... they experience active growth, as well as people engaged in intense mental work. Regular fruits and special vitamin complexes can be “feeding” for the brain.

Say "Yes!" physical activity and fresh air

Brain function will be much better if a person is engaged in physical activity and spends enough time in the fresh air. Children and adults who encounter difficulties at work (for example, when doing homework or writing a report) are advised to take a short break, ventilate the room well, or go for a walk, and do a simple warm-up (bends, turns, squats, etc.). Tilts, turns and rotations of the head are especially useful.

Exercise is a great way to activate your brain. Photo source

Musical pause

Research by French psychologist Francis Rocher has shown that listening to music can increase brain activity. However, not all pieces of music are suitable, but only those that are distinguished by harmony, smoothness, and the absence of excessive volume and noise. The works of Mozart are ideal, with the help of which Roscher conducted his research.

About the benefits of “new products”

The process of cognition helps to keep the brain in good shape and constantly activate its work. It would seem, why then do schoolchildren need any more exercises, since they already visit an educational institution every day and learn something new? However, school activities may not always help activate the brain. This may be due to the ease/complexity of the material being studied or lack of interest. Therefore, it is equally important to pay attention to the child’s development outside of school: buy educational books/games/films, go to exhibitions and theaters, explain the principles of operation of various instruments and devices, etc. This advice is also good for adults: if you want to increase mental activity, surround yourself with new unusual things that require study, strive to obtain new information.

Orientation in space

Orientation in unfamiliar (unfamiliar) places stimulates brain function well. To do this, it is important to teach the child how to use a compass, determine the parts of the world, navigate by the sun, etc. Parents can teach the student these basics on their own or enroll him in a special section.

If you don’t have the opportunity/desire to go on a hike, you can train your orientation skills in familiar conditions (for example, in an apartment, in a country house, in a yard), but with your eyes closed.

Training of cognitive processes

Photo source

Attention, memory, thinking and speech are the main cognitive processes that are provided by the cerebral cortex. Training these processes can significantly increase brain activity. Depending on the specific process, we can distinguish:

• Memory training. To do this, you can use memorizing poems, retelling the text (immediately after reading and after a certain time has passed), long-term observation of something, and then reproducing what you saw on paper in the form of an image, and various memory games.
• Attention training. Various attentiveness tasks will help with this: searching for differences between pictures, finding and crossing out a particular letter in a set of letters, studying dual images, tracking something with subsequent detailed reproduction, etc.
• Thinking training. This can include solving crosswords, puzzles, math and logic problems, analyzing text, thinking about a specific topic, etc.
• Speech training. Exercises with tongue twisters and sentences with a predominance of a certain letter (The Greek rode across the river...), retellings and reading poems out loud in front of a mirror, learning text by role, etc. are ideal.

Stimulating communication

To improve a child’s intellectual activity and activate his brain, it is necessary to provide him with communication with smart people. These could be older friends, peers who are interested in something and purposefully study this subject (for example, astronomy), adults engaged in intellectual work. Communication with interesting people, whose knowledge and capabilities exceed the knowledge and capabilities of the student, will make him strive to improve his mental activity and will keep him in constant good shape. The main condition here will be the child’s interest in these people.

Thinking + Action

To activate the brain, it is important to constantly think and translate these thoughts into action. These two processes are closely interconnected and stimulate each other: this is how action is born from thought, and in the process of action new thoughts and “insights” can arise. Therefore it is important:

1. Encourage your child to create different ideas. Invite the student to come up with a new game, an unusual way to solve a problem, develop an event plan, etc. A good option is to solve practical problems that are interesting to the child: developing a new school education system, ways to combat unemployment, creating a company that produces computer games, etc.
2. Bring these ideas to life. After the student has come up with an idea, try to bring it to life with him, even if it seems impossible. In the process of action, the child can change the plan of action, make adjustments, and refine something. Help the student with this if necessary.
3. Discuss ideas and their implementation. Together with your child, evaluate the idea, note its pros and cons, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the chosen method of action.

Photo source

The brain is one of the most complex organs, but the quality of its work can be improved. In order for him to always be in good shape and work actively, it is necessary to receive nutrients, not neglect physical activity and constantly stimulate brain activity by solving all kinds of problems and learning something new.

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Wise owl June 19, 2015

Caffeine + L-theanine

A cup of strong coffee is what first comes to mind when you need to concentrate, drive away drowsiness and force yourself to learn a lesson, solve a problem, perform complex mental work. But scientists have long proven that caffeine itself has no effect on academic performance and productivity. He won't tell you the right solution or give you a good idea. All that coffee can do is cause short-term stimulation of the nervous system, thanks to which your brain will stay afloat for a little longer. But the energy surge will very soon turn into a decline, and fatigue and drowsiness will appear much stronger than before taking caffeine.

Another thing is the combination of caffeine with the amino acid L-theanine contained in green tea. This substance is able to bypass the blood-brain barrier and protect the brain from the aggressive stimulating effects of caffeine, while maintaining and prolonging the positive stimulating effect of the latter. L-theanine prevents caffeine from increasing blood pressure and triggering a hypercompensation reaction, when a rise in brain activity is followed by a sharp decline.

Tests have shown that the best results can be achieved by taking 50 mg of caffeine and 100 mg of L-theanine over several hours. This dosage is equivalent to two cups of green tea and one cup of coffee, and it will significantly increase your concentration, improve the speed of logical thinking and visual information processing. There are complex dietary supplements based on caffeine and L-theanine, but only relatively healthy people who do not have diseases of the cardiovascular system can take them, as well as regularly indulge in caffeine-containing drinks.

Dark chocolate (flavonols)

Well, when it comes to lifting your mood, chocolate immediately comes to mind. It not only has a pleasant taste, but also contains flavonols - substances that stimulate the production of the hormone of joy, endorphin. In addition, flavonols increase brain perfusion and accelerate the transmission of nerve impulses, and this allows us to stay focused and alert longer. The most flavonols are in the type of chocolate that has more cocoa, that is, black, or bitter, as it is also called.

Milk and white bars with many fillers and aromatic additives negate all the benefits of chocolate. If you want to achieve a medicinal effect from your favorite delicacy, make it a rule to eat 35-200 g of good dark chocolate with a cocoa content of more than 80% every day. Stretch out the pleasure by breaking off several pieces, then you will always be in a good mood and energetic state.

A way to increase brain activity by changing your mindset

There are special techniques and exercises that can be used to increase brain activity and its capabilities. However, in order for mental activity to be consistently high, you need to apply these principles not from time to time, but systematically, linking them with your lifestyle.

Changing habits

Changing familiar locations, changing familiar surroundings, or introducing something new into everyday processes can increase neuroplasticity—the ability of the brain to create new neural networks and connect them with previously formed ones into a single system. This allows the brain to “look” at any problem in a new way, connecting previously unused systems to the solution.

To increase the number of connections, it is recommended to change established routes, try new food in new cafes and restaurants, get up on the other foot, brush your teeth alternately with your right and left hand, and make other changes to your usual life.

Neuroplasticity is a multi-level manifestation of the brain’s ability to restore functions, which is observed both at the cellular level and on the scale of the entire brain, where “roles” and departments responsible for processes are reassigned. In particular, this property of the brain is actively used in the development of memory and learning.

wandering mind

When working on one problem, if the solution algorithm is obvious, it is advisable to focus on it. But if the solution is not obvious or if in the process of intellectual activity a multitasking effect has arisen that stops the process, it is recommended to be distracted and allow your mind to wander. This allows the brain not only to rest, but also to be able to “search” for a solution in those neural networks that, with a narrow focus, ended up on the periphery.

Physical activity

Intellectuals often consider physical activity a waste of time. But the results of various experiments showed a direct relationship between intellectual capabilities and regular varied physical activity.

So, on average, 10% higher intelligence scores were recorded in those children and adults who engaged in physical education several times a week - at least taking long walks. Dancing as a way to improve brain activity has shown good results in the fight against dementia.

This is partly due to the inevitable connection during training of various parts and areas of the brain, with changes in rhythms, and the formation of the skill of quick decision-making. Partially - with improved blood circulation during physical activity.

Piracetam + choline

If you ask neurologists which substance best stimulates brain function and improves memory, they will first name Piracetam, also known as Lucetam and Nootropil. This drug is the flagship of the nootropics squadron; it is prescribed to patients with mental retardation, senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease and even schizophrenia. But for absolutely healthy people who simply want to improve memory and increase intellectual tone, Piracetam can be safely recommended.

The principle of action of this medicine on the body is to stimulate the synthesis of acetylcholine and expand its functions. Piracetam allows a person to use the resources of his main neurotransmitter in full. To enhance this effect, it is recommended to combine Piracetam with choline. This will also allow you to protect yourself from headaches that sometimes occur during long-term treatment with Piracetam. Usually 300 mg of both substances are prescribed three times a day, but we emphasize once again that uncontrolled use of nootropics without the knowledge of a doctor is not a good idea.

Manifestations of brain activity

Brain activity is manifested by electrical oscillations - brain rhythms, among which about 8 types of oscillations are identified - from alpha to tau rhythm.

1. The alpha rhythm is recorded at rest and during relaxed wakefulness. As soon as the functional activity of the brain increases, alpha oscillations begin to fade until they disappear.
2. Beta waves are “responsible” for higher cognitive functions, memory, attention. They fade with motor activation or tactile stimulation.
3. The gama rhythm is fixed when solving intellectual problems that require full concentration of attention.
4. The delta rhythm regulates the recovery processes of the brain (during sleep). Excessive increases in delta waves are almost always associated with problems with attention, memory, and other cognitive functions.
5. Theta waves appear at the moment of transition from relaxed wakefulness to drowsiness.
6. The kapa rhythm, arising in the temporal regions, manifests itself when alpha rhythms are suppressed in other areas of the brain during mental activity.
7. Mu oscillations are observed in only 10-15% of people. Occurs with increased brain activity and mental stress.
8. The tau rhythm becomes a response to the blockade of sound signals.

To assess a person’s condition and his mental activity, it is necessary to take into account the ratio of rhythms. Thus, a decrease in alpha oscillations with eyes closed with a simultaneous increase in beta activity may indicate psycho-emotional stress and anxiety. A decrease in alpha activity with eyes closed with an increase in theta rhythms becomes a sign of depression.

Omega-3 fatty acids

The most fashionable trend in modern neurodietology is taking omega-3 fatty acids, or simply enriching the diet with fatty varieties of ocean fish, legumes, nuts and seeds. Omega-3s are, literally, food for the brain: eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids ensure cell renewal and the necessary speed of reactions between organelles. In practice, this means that with the help of regular fish oil, a person can improve memory, protect against daily stress and ensure mental clarity into old age.

Omega-3 fatty acids have a positive effect on the state of the brain and nervous system not only in sick people, for example, with Alzheimer's disease, but also in completely healthy people. Studies have been repeatedly conducted with the participation of control groups consisting of people of different genders and ages, and the results confirmed the effectiveness of omega-3 in all areas: memory, stress resistance, concentration, speed of nervous reactions. An adult needs 1-2 capsules of fish oil (1200-2400 mg omega-3) per day to significantly improve brain function within a few months.

[Video] Dr. Berg - the best nutrient for the brain:

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Changes associated with disturbances in brain activity

Dementia

Acquired dementia (dementia) manifests itself in the form of a steady decrease in cognitive interest and the ability to acquire new knowledge, deterioration of long-term and short-term memory, and weakening of abstract thinking. In youth, the cause of this is mainly due to various addictions. In old age, the most common dementias are vascular type, atrophic (Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease) and mixed. The state of the cardiovascular system also directly affects brain activity. For example, with arrhythmias, various complications can arise that have a destructive effect on cardiac output, blood pressure and, as a consequence, on the blood supply to the brain.

As a rule, the cause of vascular dementia is atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels, which makes it possible to delay the deterioration of brain function through the use of vascular-sparing therapy.

In 2013, Indian Institute of Medicine researchers found that speaking two languages ​​at home delayed dementia by 4.5 years (on average) compared to those who communicate in only one language. However, the best prevention still remains drugs that improve the condition of blood vessels, and the best therapy is antidementia drugs.

Taking into account the fact that one of the causes of dementia is deficiency conditions (for example, vitamins B12, B9, B3, thiamine), a special role in prevention is played by vitamin-containing nutrition and the use of auxiliary drugs that compensate for the lack of necessary substances (vitamin complexes, dietary supplements, etc. ).

Diffuse changes

Diffuse changes (that is, those in which it is difficult to determine a clear localization of the pathological source, and therefore the pathology is perceived as a problem of the brain as a whole) are manifested by a complex of symptoms and disorganization of the bioelectrical activity of the brain.

The consequences and signs of diffuse changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain are:

• impairment of human performance,
• decreased mental activity of the brain, memory and attention,
• psychological transformations towards lowering self-esteem, limiting the range of interests, etc.

Diffuse changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain are detected using EEG. In addition, the EEG can potentially demonstrate a number of other pathologies, which include, for example, epileptic activity.

In epilepsy, a characteristic electrographic phenomenon occurs - the relationship between electroencephalographic patterns and the types of recorded seizures.

The patterns most studied in epileptology are:

• FOV (focal sharp waves),
• PPR (photoparoxysmal reaction),
• generalized spike waves.

They all have their own list of characteristic abnormalities (for example, convulsive manifestations in FOV and FPR).

But EEG diagnostics is associated with a number of difficulties, because the EEG results of practically healthy people can show significant changes, and at the same time, the absence of EEG changes can be observed in people with pathologies.

Electrical activity of the brain reveals signs of the consequences of traumatic brain injury with diffuse axonal damage to the brain. In this case, the EEG is characterized by stable or transient changes of a subcortical and/or brainstem nature.

Creatine

Creatine belongs to the group of nitrogen-containing organic acids and is synthesized in the body of all mammals, including humans. If you artificially increase the concentration of this beneficial substance, you can accelerate cellular reactions, enhance muscle growth and increase the threshold of fatigue. A great combination of effects for athletes and bodybuilders, isn't it? This is why creatine, as a dietary supplement, is very popular in the sports community.

But today we are interested in the nootropic status of creatine. Those who want to “pump up” their brain will also find this nutrient useful, since it has an energy-saving effect on the brain. Creatine participates in reactions taking place in mitochondria and cytosol, and promotes the accumulation and conservation of energy in cells. The result is good memory and high speed of analytical thinking. It is recommended to take 5 g of creatine daily unless otherwise prescribed by your doctor.

L-tyrosine

Another useful amino acid - L-tyrosine - is included in the protein composition of all tissues and organs and is produced from phenylalanine. Without a sufficient amount of this amino acid, adequate synthesis of the hormones adrenaline and norepinephrine, as well as the main neurotransmitter, dopamine, is impossible. To provide yourself with L-tyrosine, you can either significantly increase your consumption of seafood, fish, meat, legumes and grains, or purchase a ready-made dietary supplement.

L-tyrosine is very useful not only for those people whose professional activities are associated with strong mental stress and prolonged concentration. This amino acid significantly increases the threshold for fatigue, so it is also extremely useful for those who are engaged in physical labor. L-tyrosine prevents the development of endocrine diseases, maintains the health of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands and pituitary gland. However, if you already suffer from a similar disease and are taking hormonal medications, be sure to consult with your doctor about L-tyrosine to avoid unwanted drug interactions.

A way to stimulate the brain by changing your diet

How to increase brain activity with nutrition? There is a traditional and a paradoxical way.

1. The traditional method involves eating “brain foods.” These traditionally include:

• Omega-3-containing foods - fatty fish, flaxseed and oil, nuts, wheat germ and other grains,
• antioxidant products - liver (vitamin A and zinc), vegetables (vitamin C), fermented milk products (glitathione), wine, etc.
• coffee in combination with green tea - in this combination, high mental activity can last all day without negative consequences.

1. The paradoxical method involves the use of short-term fasting. This is an extreme method, designed for tactical needs, which is based on the idea of ​​​​scientists at Yale Medical School. In their opinion, mental activity becomes high if the brain “thinks” that the body needs food, and whether it receives nutrition depends on such activity. This evolutionary dependence was confirmed by experiments on hungry mice, which demonstrated greater intelligence than their well-fed counterparts.

Acetyl-L-carnitine

Acetyl-L-carnitine is an amino acid better known to those who want to lose weight and look younger than to those who want to improve memory and stimulate brain activity. But its nootropic functions deserve attention, since acetyl-L-carnitine has the same effect on the brain as creatine - it regulates energy balance. By regularly taking this amino acid, you can achieve three positive effects at once: activate the brain, get rid of chronic fatigue syndrome and put carbohydrate metabolism in order.

A study conducted at an American university showed that students who took acetyl-L-carnitine for two months were able to improve their science grades much better than their peers who did not take this amino acid. Men will probably be interested to know that acetyl-L-carnitine stimulates the natural synthesis of testosterone, and therefore improves sexual function.

Competition “Bio/Mol/Text”-2020/2021

Favorite of the Russian Science Foundation in the “Own Work” category of the “Bio/Mol/Text” competition - 2020/2021.

The nomination partner is the Russian Science Foundation.

The general partner of the competition is the annual biotechnology conference BiotechClub, organized by the international innovative biotechnology company BIOCAD.

The sponsor of the competition is SkyGen: a leading distributor of life science products on the Russian market.

Competition sponsor: the largest supplier of equipment, reagents and consumables for biological research and production.

"Book" sponsor of the competition - "Alpina Non-Fiction"

B vitamins

There are no more important vitamins for the nervous system than these: B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, B12. It is the B vitamins that take the most active part in the functioning of the nerves and brain, so everyone who wants to maintain clarity of mind and good memory for a long time should provide themselves with them. Every third resident of Russia experiences a deficiency of B vitamins; it is especially alarming that children do not receive enough of the necessary substances, and it is during the period of growth and development of the nervous system that a person’s intellectual potential is determined. Simply by reviewing your family's daily diet and taking seasonal multivitamins, you can solve this problem.

Thiamine - vitamin B1

The first vitamin on our list is perhaps the most important, since thiamine is not without reason called the “vitamin of the mind.” It promotes complete and rapid absorption of glucose by the brain, which is why thiamine deficiency immediately negatively affects memory and concentration. To prevent your brain from starving, you need to regularly consume cereals (buckwheat, oatmeal), legumes (peas, lentils, beans), and vegetables (radish, spinach, potatoes). Thiamine is perfectly absorbed, but is very quickly destroyed under the influence of sugar, alcohol, nicotine and tea tannins.

Read more: Vitamin B1 - what is it for, what foods does it contain, what does deficiency lead to?

Riboflavin - vitamin B2

We will call this substance “energy vitamin”, since it is riboflavin that accelerates metabolic processes and the transmission of impulses between neurons. In other words, vitamin B2 allows the body to make full use of the energy received from food. Then both mental activities and sports will bring more joy and less fatigue. You can replenish riboflavin reserves by eating eggs, offal (liver, kidneys), milk, yeast, rose hips, tomatoes and white cabbage. This vitamin is preserved during heat treatment, but does not like direct sunlight.

Read more: Vitamin B2: impact on health, + TOP record-breaking products

Nicotinic acid - vitamin B3

We will give nicotinamide (niacin) the name “calm vitamin” because it is involved in the synthesis of important digestive enzymes and hormones (insulin, testosterone, progesterone, cortisol). Niacin deficiency results in chronic fatigue, depression, irritability, insomnia and apathy for a person. You can get this important vitamin from organic foods (eggs, liver, meat), as well as from some vegetables (asparagus, garlic, parsley, carrots, peppers).

Read more: Vitamin B3 - health benefits, record-breaking products

Pantothenic acid - vitamin B5

Pantothenic acid deserves the title of “beauty vitamin” because it is directly involved in fat metabolism and skin regeneration. This vitamin is also needed for the rapid transmission of nerve impulses, so those who want to improve memory and increase brain activity can be advised to regularly eat nuts, sprouted grains, yeast, mushrooms, legumes, meat and offal, as well as drink green tea.

Read more: Pantothenic acid: why do we need vitamin B5, where is it found?

Pyridoxine - vitamin B6

We will give this vitamin the title “antidepressant”, since it is necessary for the normal synthesis of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and serotonin. Pyridoxine is also involved in the functioning of the endocrine, cardiovascular, immune and digestive systems - it is involved in the production of gastric juice. Proper absorption of another important vitamin, B12, only occurs in the presence of sufficient vitamin B6, so it is recommended to include legumes, grains, yeast, vegetables, fish and fruits, especially bananas, strawberries and cherries, in your diet.

Read more: Vitamin B6 - what is good for health, record-breaking products, symptoms of deficiency

Folic acid - vitamin B9

This acid rightfully gets the title of “vitamin of the future”, because without a sufficient amount of folic acid, the expectant mother will not be able to bear a baby with a healthy nervous and circulatory system. Adults also really need vitamin B9, because it regulates blood composition, is involved in protein metabolism, prevents early aging and graying of hair, increases the threshold for nervous fatigue and promotes active brain function. Most folic acid is found in dark green vegetables: asparagus, spinach. There is quite a lot of it in beans, eggs, liver, wheat and avocados.

Read more: Folic acid: why do we need vitamin B9, where is it found?

Cyanocobalamin - vitamin B12

And this is a “mystery vitamin”, because both humans and animals urgently need it, but do not produce it themselves! Where does cyanocobalamin come from? It is synthesized by some bacteria, microorganisms and green algae, and from there vitamin B12 enters our body when we eat meat, fish, seafood and seaweed. Cyanocobalamin acts as a regulator of the nervous system; it ensures an adequate transition from sleep to wakefulness and back. In addition, this vitamin is involved in the distribution of information between short-term and long-term memory.

Read more: What is vitamin B12 for? Deficiency symptoms, record-breaking products

Science and clinical practice

Physiology of the brain.

We often compare the human brain to a complex computer. This analogy is not very successful, but if we talk about the real capabilities and functions of the brain, then the number of logical processes that occur in it is amazingly large. The human brain consists of three main elements:

1. Glial cells
2. Neurons
3. Dendrites

1) Glial cells

The name “glial” comes from the Greek word “glia,” meaning “to glue.” Although these cells have membrane potential, glial cells are largely nerveless and serve a supportive role for the brain and spinal cord.

7 types of glial cells have been identified, all of them perform different functions. Glial cells maintain high levels of ribonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, and enzymes. One of the enzymes produced by glial cells is acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Acetylcholinesterase is directly related to memory and the ability to process information. Some types of glial cells, especially astrocytes, provide nutrition for neurons. Others synthesize myelin, which is used to prevent nerves and neurons from crossing each other. Microglia and astrocytes are phagocytic, meaning that they clear the central nervous system of dead cells and waste products. Glial cells have the ability to divide and multiply throughout life. They have branches, but do not have axons or dendrites. Recent research has revealed that some glial cells can act as amplifiers, like transistors. Their purpose is to support neural connections and ensure the functioning of the nervous network connecting various areas of the cerebral cortex. The human brain is 5 times larger than the chimpanzee brain, but contains only 30-50% more neurons. It appears that the intellectual boundaries that separate humans from apes are a consequence of the action of glial cells in the human brain, which outnumber neurons by about 5 to 1. As a result of new technological developments in the creation of modern research instruments, scientists have been able to study the various types of activity that occur in glial cells. Research by neuroscientist Gary Lynch of the University of California at Irvine has shown that in the embryo, before the growth of neurons and axons, glial cells exhibit increased activity. Glial cells divide and move within the brain through intact tissue. They travel long distances in the brain to reach active areas of the brain, and those already present show incredible responses. They send out branches and become very large. All this happens before the axons grow from the neurons.

2) Neurons

Neurons are the nerve cells of the brain. They form the gray matter, which is the outermost 2 mm layer of the brain. Neurons consist of a cell body, an axon, and one or more dendrites.

The function of neurons is to create and conduct nerve impulses.

By the second trimester of pregnancy, the developing brain is already capable of producing about a hundred neurons per minute. By the age of two, a child may already have a hundred million neurons in the brain. People may lose neurons over time, especially in the part of the brain that is least used, but the loss of neurons is more than offset by the increase in the number of dendrites. . The outer surface of the brain, on which neurons are located, consists of convolutions and grooves (folds and convolutions of the brain). These gyri and sulci increase the surface area of ​​neurons.

If we straighten out the furrows and convolutions of the brain, we get a surface approximately one and a half square feet in area.

3) Dendrites

This word comes from the Greek tree. Axons and dendrites serve to connect different neurons. Dendrites are formed due to processes in the protoplasm of neurons, and transmit impulses to the cell body of the neuron. Typically several hundred dendrites are involved. They form connections, called “synapses,” with other neurons. As a result, dendrites are the brain's "wire" system. They are shaped by thought processes, environmental influences, learning and life experiences. It is estimated that an educated adult develops approximately 1 trillion dendrites in the brain, which in physical measurement would be approximately 100,000 miles (160,934.4 km). Figure 1 shows a neuron and its dendrites.

BRAIN WAVE ACTIVITY

A typical neuron takes 1 microsecond to respond to a stimulus, but when millions of neurons respond in unison, they produce “swinging” electrical discharges. These discharges create a rhythm called a “brain wave.” These rhythms are observable via EEG. EEG records and measures huge numbers of neurons responding simultaneously. These rhythms of brain activity waves are formed into several groups, depending on their frequencies:

Beta, Alpha, Theta and Delta.

Michael MacKenzie

The electrical activity of the brain can be determined through an EEG (electroencephalogram), which measures the frequency of the electrical potential. This frequency is measured in cycles per second or Hz (Hertz). At any given time, these frequencies determine your mood. Frequency speed allows us to group our brain waves into four categories.

Beta waves are the fastest brain waves, ranging in frequency from 13 to 100 Hz. During Beta wave activity we are in a normal state of wakefulness, alertness and concentration. When we feel anxious or anxious, these are fast beta waves (30 Hz). When we feel threatened, in extreme danger, or in fight or flight, these are super fast beta waves.

If you close your eyes, relax, become passive and unfocused, your brain wave activity will slow down and alpha waves will appear. They range in frequency from 8 to 12.9 Hz. We enter a state of “overlearning” within the higher end of Alpha waves, and we begin to produce calming neurochemicals. The deeper structures of the Alpha rhythm are characteristic of traditional meditation.

As calm and relaxation deepen into sleepiness, the brain shifts toward slower theta waves. The frequency range of theta waves is from 4 to 7.9 Hz. Theta waves are often accompanied by unexpected, dreamlike mental images. Quite often these images can be accompanied by vivid memories; as a rule, childhood memories predominate. Theta brainwave activity is associated with healing, increased creativity, sudden insight (eureka) when everything suddenly becomes clear. Even very advanced meditators can achieve the theta state within a short period of time.

Delta waves are the slowest brain waves, ranging in frequency from 0.1 to 3.9 Hz. Typically, people sleep during delta waves, but there is evidence that it is possible to remain conscious in this extremely deep trance-like state. Also, within the delta wave activity of the brain, the production of healing somatotropin increases significantly.

Each of these groups represents a specific type of cortical activity and is associated with states of consciousness such as anxiety, calm, dreaming, or sleep.

We constantly produce a certain amount of all these frequencies at the same time. Therefore, the state of our consciousness reflects the mixed activity of the rhythms of different waves of brain activity and their localization. The rhythm of waves of brain activity is characterized by the highest power of wave activity of a certain category. For example, a person with his eyes closed produces a large amount of alpha and a small amount of beta waves in the visual cortex, because it does not process visual information.

When the eyes are open, the production of alpha waves is sharply reduced, and the power of beta waves increases as a result of the processing of incoming visual information in the visual cortex. Each of the rhythms of brain waves and different states of consciousness corresponding to each type of waves. The classification of brain wave rhythms changes as scientists learn more about the brain and states of consciousness. For example, many of these categories now have different subgroups.

BETA WAVES

Beta waves are fast waves, low in amplitude, approximately 14 to 40 cycles per second (Hz). Beta waves are generated naturally when we are in the waking, alert state of consciousness. Initially, beta waves are a data processing process involving hundreds of small calculations between two nearby cortical areas that work together to achieve a result (“What was that sound or sight?”, “What is 2 + 3?”, “Is this dangerous?” ?”, “I'm afraid”, “What should I do?”). There are 3 main subgroups of beta waves: Gamma (35 to 40 Hz), Beta 2 (24 to 34 Hz) and Beta 1 (14 to 23). Gamma waves, the fastest, reflect the peak activity of consciousness. Excessive beta 2 activity is associated with heightened emotional states such as anxiety and fear. Beta 1 frequencies are associated with cognitive processes such as problem solving and reasoning.

ALPHA WAVES Alpha waves vibrate in the range of approximately 8 to 13 Hz. Alpha activity is vibrations between fragments of the cortex and the thalamic thalamus, known as the corticothalamic lemniscus. Alpha waves occur during periods of sensory rest (for example, in a quiet room with eyes closed), mental relaxation, deep relaxation, meditation, or peaceful consciousness (dissociation). Alpha waves are the desired result of meditators. Traditional meditation methods require 10 years of practice to achieve ideal alpha wave production. The production of alpha waves is reduced when this part of the brain processes sensory information, as well as during problem solving and cognitive activity. Increasing the number of alpha waves gives:

• feeling of peace
• improved academic performance
• warmth in the extremities
• increased productivity in the workplace
• feeling of well-being
• decreased anxiety, improved sleep
• improvement of immune function.

It is believed that the most creative geniuses, such as Einstein, were constantly in an almost unchanged alpha state.
Most of these creative people had poor performance in school and were considered troubled students. Perhaps they were too focused on creative activities to pay attention to their studies. In the last few years, new subgroups of alpha waves have been identified. Mu waves (sometimes called Talpha) are borderline between Alpha/Theta waves (from 7 to 9 Hz). Their active production is associated with a healthy state of consciousness, giving exceptional intuition and the experience of personal transformation. Some researchers believe that “healthy” mu activity can reduce irrational anger and anxiety from hidden problematic childhood memories or past traumas. Examples of these waves of brain activity are Schumann resonance or the “fifth stage” of meditation. THETA WAVES Theta wave frequencies are from 4 to 8 Hz. Theta waves are associated with the sleep state, the twilight state, the hypnotic trance state, the REM sleep phase and the dream state. In this state, memory activity increases. Memory improves (especially long-term memory), access to the subconscious increases, the possibility of free associations increases, creativity increases, and unexpected insights occur. This is a mysterious, special state of consciousness. For a long time, scientists could not study this state of the brain, because... an ordinary person cannot remain in it for a long time without falling into sleep (which also produces a large number of theta waves).

DELTA WAVES Delta waves are the slowest waves of brain activity with frequencies ranging from 1 to 4 Hz. Delta waves are dominant when we fall asleep and continue to dominate during deep sleep. Some researchers are confident that delta waves are present in healers in a state of “healing” and in psychics while receiving information. The following table presents a summary of the positive waves of brain activity associated with the activity of different groups.

Positive Factors Categories of Brain Waves

Possibly associated with the peak of vital activity. Gamma 35 - 45 Hz Very active external attention. Beta 2 22 - 35 Hz Active external attention. Beta 1 15-22 Hz Relaxation, passive attention. Slow beta waves 12-15 Hz Relaxation, inner attention, meditation, healthy mental state. Alpha (Upper) 9-13 Hz Deep meditation, insight, Schumann Resonance, hypnosis Slow alpha waves - Mu/Talpha 7-9Hz Creativity, REM sleep phase, hypnagogic state Theta 5-7Hz Improved sleep. Delta 1 -4 Hz

Within a few minutes, the brain usually produces a certain amount of all types of waves. However, for a specific type of activity or behavior, the brain is able to initially produce waves of one group.

Essentially, the waves of brain activity are like the waves of a lake. When strong winds blow, large waves appear far out in the lake (high amplitude, low frequency). And when we throw a pebble into the lake, small waves appear very close to the place of disturbance (low amplitude, high frequency). An interesting relationship is that as the frequency increases, the amplitude decreases. Figure 3 shows the relationship between the types of behavior associated with the predominance of one frequency group.

BRAIN WAVES AND HUMAN HEALTH

A healthy brain performs many important mental functions simultaneously, producing a large number of waves of brain activity of different frequencies that reflect these functions. In today's stressful lifestyle, we often exhibit increased beta activity. To overcome this negativity, many are looking for ways to produce alpha waves - a peaceful existence, relaxation. When we increase our alpha and theta (including mu) activity through constructive processes - meditation, exercise, audio visual stimulation (AVS), we achieve changes in the state of consciousness or "alpha activity". It is important that we learn to produce alpha waves on a daily basis through meditation or ABC. However, many find that it is easier to achieve alpha activity through the use of destructive means such as drugs or alcohol. Also, the constant, uncontrolled, abnormal presence of low-frequency alpha or theta activity is the cause of fatigue or painful conditions associated with insomnia, depression, attention disorders, premenstrual syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome. The most important aspect linking brain waves to human health is the ability to change these states according to the demands of the situation.

Rhodiola rosea

Rhodiola grows in the north-west of the Eurasian continent, and has been used by Scandinavian peoples for medicinal purposes since ancient times. This plant contains substances that reduce the concentration of the enzyme monoamine oxidase. Thus, Rhodiola rosea regulates the balance of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine in the human body. Regular intake of Rhodiola extract improves performance, promotes high concentration and speed of processing visual and auditory information.

The Rhodiola plant is actively used in cosmetology - its extract is added to anti-aging creams to stimulate cellular renewal and reduce the number of wrinkles. And taking Rhodiola in the form of a dietary supplement to food in a dosage of 100-1000 mg per day is recommended for all mature and elderly people who complain of fatigue, memory impairment and inability to concentrate for a long time.

How to boost your brain function

Denis Tulinov “Trinity Option” No. 10(79), May 24, 2011

Humanity has long experimented with a variety of ways to temporarily change the way the brain works to gain capabilities that are not available naturally. As a rule, these methods come down to the use of natural or synthesized substances, which, however, immediately affect the entire brain. Scientists have a tool at their disposal that allows them to selectively and locally influence individual areas, enhancing one or another function. This tool is an electric or magnetic field, and its use sometimes leads to amazing results.

X-ray of a minimally conscious patient with deep brain stimulation electrodes implanted in his head. AP Photo

April issue of Nature

talks about the experiments of Vincent Clark, a neuroscientist from the University of New Mexico (USA).
Clark discovered that transcranial direct-current
(tDCS) enhances learning. According to the conditions of the experiment, a group of volunteers had to play the computer game DARWARS Ambush!, developed for training military personnel sent to Iraq.

Its essence lies in developing the ability to notice objects hidden against the backdrop of a complex landscape. Using electrodes placed on the head, subjects received 30 minutes of electrical stimulation on the right side of the brain while playing. Participants who received a current of 2 milliamps performed twice as well as those who were stimulated with a current of only 0.1 mA. "They learned faster, but they didn't have any assumptions or gut feelings about why it was happening," Clark says. The scientist sees tDCS as a way to practically separate the mechanisms of learning and consciousness. This area of ​​research, he said, "will soon experience explosive growth and will provide us with a wealth of new information while at the same time posing new questions."

In the 2000s, understanding began to emerge as to what accounts for the observed effects of tDCS. Direct current creates an electric field in brain tissue that changes the potential difference between the sides of cell membranes. The so-called “anodic” stimulation, in which the current is directed to the electrode, leads to the depolarization of neurons, resulting in an increase in their readiness to respond with a spike to an incoming signal from other cells. Accordingly, “cathodal” stimulation, in which current flows from the electrode, causes the opposite effect, increasing the potential difference between the outer and inner sides of the membranes and thereby reducing the excitability of neurons. More recently, neuroscientists from the California Institute of Technology were able to experimentally show that extracellular electric fields actually change the characteristics of action potentials of nerve cells.

According to pharmacological studies, in the area of ​​synaptic contacts, under the influence of electric current, the production of NMDA receptor increases. This enhances the plasticity of neural tissue, temporarily giving it a state in which neurons tend to rewire their connections in response to an external stimulus, such as learning a new behavior. For example, in 2009, Leonardo Cohen from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders (Maryland, USA) showed that tDCS improved the ability of subjects to learn simple coordination exercises, and this improvement was maintained three months after the experiment.

In addition to accelerating learning processes, brain stimulation affects a number of other mental properties. In particular, this technique is seriously considered as a promising means for the treatment of depression, post-traumatic stress, delayed speech and mental development, and other nervous disorders. In 2007, Felipe Franey from the Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (Boston, USA) and Paolo Boggio from Mackenzie University (São Paulo, Brazil) discovered the interesting effect of tDCS.

It turned out that direct current exposure to the area located above the temple, the so-called dorsolateral prefrontal area, leads to the fact that a person becomes less ready to make risky decisions. As part of the experiment, scientists asked students to play a simple game where pressing a key filled a balloon depicted on the screen with air. The more the balloon is inflated, the more virtual money the participant gets.

At the same time, if the ball bursts, all savings are lost.

Subjects treated with tDCS behaved more cautiously and stopped earlier than those not exposed. According to Bojo, this result can be used to treat various types of addictions in which people lack “inhibitory control” of their actions.

These and a number of other similar experiments allow us to conclude that even a weak and short-term effect of the field on the brain, as in the case of tDCS, is enough to improve its performance. At the same time, at least two questions inevitably arise: 1) why the more effective mode in natural conditions is turned off and 2) how great is the potential of stimulation in terms of enhancing human cognitive abilities. In general, it is too early to talk about answers, but the experiments of neuroscientist Allan Snyder provide some food for thought in this regard.

Professor Allan Snyder will bring out the genius in you. Photo from the site www.zrobtosam.com

Professor Snyder directs the Center for the Study of Consciousness in Sydney, Australia. He claims that everyone

of us has the capabilities that are demonstrated by the so-called
savants
, people with extraordinary abilities. In the normal brain, these capabilities are present, but are suppressed by high-level information processing that organizes holistic semantic perception. For savants, access to raw, unprocessed data is not blocked, and they use directly what the brain contains. Unfortunately, most often such open access is accompanied by autism, but there are exceptions. For example, the mentally healthy Orlando Serell began remembering details of every day of his life after he was hit in the head by a baseball at the age of 10.

In the average person, high-level blocking can be temporarily relieved by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation. In Snyder's experiments, magnetic pulses were sent to subjects' left anterior temporal lobe (LATL), after which they showed marked improvements in drawing, reading, and counting abilities. The LATL area is involved in semantic processing and category formation, and magnetic stimulation is somewhat analogous to the temporary suppression of this area. As a result, Snyder suggests, the activity of the right hemisphere is released, and the person begins to perceive a stream of low-level data coming from there.

The professor suggests that photographic memory, multiplying numbers in the mind, the ability to draw well and other abilities of savants are all properties characteristic of any brain. Except that savants have access to them, while for others it is blocked by the activity of the left hemisphere. But hypothetically, you can learn to influence the brain in such a way as to remove artificial inhibition and gain these amazing capabilities. If Snyder is right, we will see a time when people will have a cognitive enhancer at their disposal and use it in their activities.

The use of magnetic stimulation, as well as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), are non-invasive methods of influence, which, in addition to the obvious advantages, have one drawback. Due to the fact that the field source is located on the surface of the skull, only a small layer of the cortex is affected, beyond which stimulation has no effect. However, there are structures in the brain that are located quite deep, and applying electric current to them also leads to surprising and beneficial results for humans. To reach these structures, scientists use a method of deep implantation of electrodes into brain tissue.

In some cases, if an electrode is inserted into the brain and voltage is applied to it, unexpected memories are awakened in a person. Wilder Penfield was the first to document this in the 1950s. He treated patients with epilepsy using Deep Brain Stimulation

, DBS). During the procedure, people remained conscious and described their sensations in detail. When the current was applied, various scenes from their lives appeared before their eyes. The past literally burst into the present: patients saw what was happening, heard voices, sounds, smells. They recognized their friends, relatives, their surroundings, and could name the exact place in the city where they “were” at that moment. At the same time, they were aware that in reality they were lying on the operating table in Montreal, simultaneously existing in two worlds. Memories were not static. They unfolded at a natural speed, as if the somatic experience was being relived. Music was often recalled - patients heard a song that developed from phrase to phrase, from chorus to verse, so that they could sing along. The same fragment of a work could be recalled from memory by again applying current to the electrode. Remarkably, the neurons involved fired more easily the second time, responding to less voltage.

From time to time, researchers repeat the results described by Penfield. For obvious reasons, they can only be a side effect of the experiment, since deep electrical stimulation requires surgery and is used only for therapeutic purposes. In 2008, the Annals of Neurology

reported the case of a 50-year-old patient who was being treated for obesity using DBS. Suddenly this caused him to vividly experience an episode 30 years earlier. He found himself in the park with his friends. Among the people he also saw his girlfriend from that period of his life. The clothes of those around them corresponded to the past time, people in the park were talking. The memory was colorful. Interestingly, increasing the voltage from 3 to 5 volts caused the scene to become more vibrant and detailed. Apparently, a huge number of fragments of our lives are stored somewhere deep in neurons and remain forever hidden from our attention.

The technique of transcranial direct current brain stimulation (tDCS) is alarmingly accessible. Photo from 2.bp.blogspot.com

In addition to reviving memories, deep stimulation can sometimes literally revive something more important - a person's consciousness. It is worth noting the successful experiment of a whole team of doctors and neurologists who were able to restore key brain functions in a man who had been in a state of minimal consciousness for six and a half years. As a result of a robbery in 1999, he suffered extensive head injuries and lost the ability to communicate and behave purposefully.

As tomographic studies later showed, some important areas of the cortex remained intact, but did not function. This circumstance interested scientists. They hypothesized that the mechanism that activates the cortex was switched off as a result of the injuries. The key role here belongs to the thalamus - the structure in which the processing and integration of almost all signals going to the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord, midbrain, cerebellum and basal ganglia occurs. According to doctors, if the nuclei of the thalamus are subjected to electrical stimulation, this can lead to the awakening of preserved areas of the cortex. However, the thalamus is located deep in the brain, so no non-invasive technique can reach it. The only option is to insert electrodes surgically.

After long discussions, mainly related to ethical conflicts that arose in connection with operating on a person without his consent, the procedure was performed. Almost immediately, in the first two days of operation of the electrodes, the patient’s condition noticeably improved. He began to keep his eyes open for a long time and respond to voices by turning his head. The scientists, however, were forced to pause for 50 days to ensure that the improvement was not an unknown effect of the surgery. Then, over the course of 18 weeks, the thalamus was stimulated with different combinations of frequency and duration of excitations in order to find the best option.

The patient actually returned to life. He began to answer questions, could hold objects in his hands and move his limbs. He began to swallow food, but before that he had been fed through a gastronomic tube for six years. His mother, in an interview with the press, could barely hold back tears: “Now my son can talk, eat and watch movies. He can drink from a mug. He can express pain. He can laugh and cry...” This was the first time that deep brain stimulation (DBS) was able to pull a patient out of a state of minimal consciousness.

As can be seen from the above, the brain can be stimulated in different ways, by bringing an electric or magnetic field closer to it, or by placing the source directly inside the head. However, another option worth mentioning is that the brain receives stimulation even when the electrical current is applied to another, correctly selected, part of the body. And this part of the body is the tongue. Electrotactile stimulation of the tongue has been experimentally shown to markedly improve motor coordination, balance, and speech in people experiencing difficulties as a result of brain injury or illness.

Research in this direction is being carried out by our compatriot Yuri Danilov, who heads the Laboratory of Tactile Communication and Neurorehabilitation at the University of Wisconsin (USA). According to him, this technology will allow the development of new clinical applications of non-invasive neuromodulation for brain injury, multiple sclerosis, stroke, Parkinson's disease and, in addition, enhancing the capabilities of human sensory systems.

Most of the described brain stimulation methods still require special equipment and do not go beyond medical centers and scientific laboratories. At the same time, there are serious concerns about tDCS: to reproduce the experience at home, all you need is a couple of wires, a resistor and a regular 9-volt battery. If ordinary people (for example, students before an exam) begin to use such brain pumping, this will give them an advantage and, more importantly, will create conditions in society that push citizens to use such devices. Scientific progress, as usual, brings with it various consequences, and the task of Homo sapiens is to adequately understand them.

Literature:

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Neuroscience: Brain buzz - Nature
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C. A. Anastassiou, R. Perin, H. Markram, C. Koch (2011). Ephaptic communication in cortical neurons
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Snyder A. W. (2009). Explaining and inducing savant skills: privileged access to lower levels, less-processed information
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Asian ginseng

A legend of traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng root is recommended for almost any health problem. The pectins, tannins, glycosides, polysaccharides, resins, essential oils, alkaloids, vitamins and microelements contained in it are in amazing harmony, and together have a stimulating, rejuvenating and tonic effect on the body.

Preventive use of ginseng is relevant for reduced immunity, loss of strength after a serious illness, chronic fatigue syndrome, depression, endocrine and digestive disorders, and sexual weakness in men. Ginseng is known to stabilize heart rate and normalize blood pressure. This natural medicine has no contraindications or side effects, however, it is a very powerful stimulant and tonic, so it is recommended to take ginseng in a dosage of no more than 200-500 mg twice a day.

Ginkgo biloba

Another Chinese healer, the ginkgo tree, is a truly amazing creation of nature. The ginkgo species is currently considered a fossil because it has no direct relatives left in the plant world. The ancestor of ginkgo is a giant fern that grew on the planet in the distant era of dinosaurs.

In the composition of ginkgo leaves, scientists discovered glycosides, flavonoids and terpenes, hitherto unknown to science, so they had to give them the same names: bilobalides and ginkgolides. These terpenes have a pronounced stimulating effect on the brain and nervous system, improve memory, increase endurance and emotional stability, and even slow down the regression of nerve fibers and brain cells in senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

According to the latest scientific data, a pronounced therapeutic effect is observed when taking 240-360 mg of ginkgo biloba extract per day. This herbal nootropic is unanimously recognized as the most powerful one known today, so if you want to maximize brain function, or have serious difficulties with memory and concentration, your choice is ginkgo biloba.

Gotu kola

Asian centella, which is called “gotu kola” in its homeland, India, is literally the twin sister of the famous Chinese giant ginkgo. The juice of its leaves has a similar stimulating effect on the brain, thanks to its unique terpene-glycoside composition. Local residents discovered the unique properties of gotu kola by observing the behavior of Indian elephants: the animals always willingly grazed in the thickets of centella, and elephants are distinguished by a high level of intelligence and long life expectancy.

Gotu kola is also an excellent blood circulation stimulant, so it is recommended for thrombophlebitis, varicose veins and cellulite. Taking centella extract helps to activate the production of choline and acetylcholine, the important function of which we have already talked about a lot above. In Thailand, a large study of gotu kola was conducted in 2008 with a group of elderly patients. The results showed significant improvements in overall well-being, mood, concentration and memory.

More details:

10 beneficial properties of gotu kola, instructions

Ashwagandha

Another healing plant that we became familiar with thanks to the Indian health science of Ayurveda is called ashwagandha. Translated from Sanskrit, this word means “horse smell,” and this name is explained by the fact that cattle like to graze in the thickets of ashwagandha, and the medicinal herb is strongly associated among local residents with horse health and endurance. Ashwagandha is sometimes called the Indian version of ginseng, however, the herb is much more accessible and therefore cheaper.

Local healers recommend ashwagandha to people engaged in hard work (and these are the majority in rural India), as this medicinal plant helps restore strength and save oneself from raging epidemics. Ashwagandha contains essential oils, glycosides, polysaccharides, terpenes and phytoncides, natural antibiotics that help the immune system cope with diseases.

After ashwagandha entered the European pharmaceutical market, it began to be positioned as a natural tonic and brain stimulant, as well as a means to improve male sexual function. There are plenty of antibiotics and immunomodulators in Europe, but there are very few plants that have such a pronounced positive effect on the brain and nervous system. Taking ashwagandha extract is recommended for students and mental workers, athletes and elderly people who complain of memory impairment.