Personality qualities - what is it in psychology, characteristics

Abilities are innate

1. It is believed that evidence of innate abilities (that is, their inheritance) is their early manifestation in a child. As you know, Mozart’s musical abilities manifested themselves at the age of 3, Haydn’s at 4, Raphael showed himself as an artist at 8 years.
2. One can also speak about the innateness of abilities on the basis of their repetition in the descendants of outstanding people. There are entire dynasties of gifted individuals. For example, the Bach family had about 60 musicians, 20 of them outstanding. There are known theater dynasties (Sadovskys), circus dynasties (Durovs), and scientific dynasties (Yakushkins, Fortunatos). However, these facts may indicate not so much biological heredity as the heredity of certain living conditions and life values ​​that favor the development of very specific abilities in the family.

Professional personality traits

It is not enough to gain certain knowledge in a particular professional activity. To achieve success in the chosen field, a person must have specific qualities. Regardless of the significance of the profession, a person’s abilities are classified into several categories:

• verbality – language proficiency, determination of the significance of concepts and words;
• numerical ability - the ability to accurately and quickly perform standard arithmetic operations;
• the ability to correct numbers, letters, words;
• have an idea of ​​objects in 2-3 dimensions;
• ability to detail objects and graphic images;
• motor coordination - control of the movements of the eyes, legs and arms; the ability to coordinate them with certain signals;
• dexterity - the ability to manipulate small objects;
• perception of color shades, the ability to distinguish and compare them;
• general intelligence is the ability to learn, which consists of understanding and accepting the material being studied, the ability to reason and draw correct conclusions.

Human abilities

Based on the described properties, a list of psychological qualities necessary for specific professional activities is compiled. To become successful in business, other individual characteristics are also necessary. They are called social temperament and influence an individual’s confidence in certain operating conditions.

Types of individual psychological professional qualities:

1. Typological properties, including lability of the nervous system, dynamism, mobility, strength.
2. Perceptual and sensory properties, the level of which develops with the acquisition of skills.
3. Individual attention, including elements such as switching, distribution, stability.
4. Psychomotor skills, based on the development of certain operating systems necessary in solving professional problems.
5. Mnemonics is the ability to remember material, techniques and the ability to develop professional memory.

Note! In any activity you need to be able to think and have imagination; strong-willed qualities are especially important. Without them, it will not be possible to overcome difficulties in the work process.

Research confirms

More rigorous evidence comes from studies using the twin method. The mental performance of identical twins and pairs of brothers and sisters were compared with each other. The correlation of indicators within identical pairs turned out to be very high; among brothers and sisters it was significantly lower.

The results of animal studies using the method of artificial selection demonstrated the possibility of accumulation of genetic predisposition to successful learning.

Abilities can be developed throughout life

1. An indicative study was conducted by domestic psychologists, which revealed a noticeably higher rate of musical abilities among the Vietnamese than among the Russians. It turned out that in the Vietnamese language the pitch of the sound has a meaning-distinguishing function, but in Russian there is no such function. Therefore, the musical abilities of the Vietnamese are dictated by linguistic necessity.
2. There are many cases where a large group of talented students formed around an outstanding teacher, completely inexplicable from a statistical point of view in terms of number and level of ability. One of these outstanding teachers, M.P. Kravets argued that there are no incapable children at all. If lessons are held in a form that is interesting for the child and in an exciting manner of learning, then the results of developing abilities will be high.

Individual character traits

Character is a set of individual traits that manifest themselves in different types of activity, communication and relationships with people. The development of personal qualities is formed against the background of life processes and the type of activity of people.
To more accurately assess the character of people, behavioral factors in specific circumstances should be studied in detail. Types of character:

• cycloid – mood swings;
• hyperthymic accentuation consists of high activity and failure to complete tasks;
• asthenic – capricious and depressive personal qualities;
• sensitive – timid personality;
• hysterical - the makings of leadership and vanity;
• dysthymic – focused on the negative side of current events.

Psychological factors in the development of abilities

• In order to develop the cognitive abilities of children, a certain arrangement of the environment must be organized, conditions must be created so that the interaction between children and adults is of the nature of cooperation and community.
• The child’s cognitive and intellectual activity must be accompanied by positive emotions. The teacher should celebrate any achievements of the child, then success is recorded and the desire to develop occurs.
• the adult conveys his interest to the child, is surprised and rejoices with him.
• The child develops specific intellectual emotions: doubts, guesses and confidence.

Thus, the question of the origin of abilities remains open: on the one hand, there are natural prerequisites for abilities, but the extent to which they manifest themselves depends on the conditions of a person’s individual development. In addition, increased motivation is an integral component of ability.

Human immune system

Ph.D. Goldinberg B.M., Vasyuk Ya.V.

City Center for Transfusiology of the health care institution "6th City Clinical Hospital", Minsk,

healthcare institution "7th city children's clinic", Minsk

HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM

Introduction

A group of organs that have a common origin, a common structural plan and perform a common function is called an organ system. Five of all ten organ systems are regulatory (control): nervous, circulatory, endocrine, lymphatic and immune. Let us clarify that the lymphatic organs and lymph nodes, of which there are about 600, are functionally part of the immune system, and the lymphatic system itself includes an extensive network of vessels that passes through almost all of our tissues, ensuring the movement of a fluid called lymph.

The word “immunity” comes from the Latin “immunis” (in English – immunity), which means “clean from anything”, immune to anything. The immune system appeared along with multicellular organisms and developed as an assistant to their survival. It unites organs and tissues that guarantee the body’s protection from genetically foreign cells and substances coming from the environment.

The immune system is represented at three levels: organ, cellular and molecular.

Organs of the human immune system

The immune system includes central and peripheral organs.

The central organs of the immune system are the red bone marrow and the thymus.

The bone marrow is the repository of stem cells from which blood cells are formed (Fig. 1). Depending on the situation, stem cells are transformed into immune B lymphocytes. If necessary, a certain part of B-lymphocytes turns into plasma cells, which are capable of producing antibodies.

Fig.1. Bone marrow contains stem cells

The thymus (or thymus gland) is one of the main organs of the immune system, located in a person behind the sternum below the collarbone, which is responsible for the formation of T-cells of the immune system in the lymphoid tissues of the body (Fig. 2).

Fig.2. Thymus

Peripheral organs include the spleen, tonsils and lymph nodes, which contain areas of maturation of immune cells.

Tonsils, which got their name because of their external resemblance to almonds, are a collection of lymphoid tissue in the upper part of the nasopharynx. A person has six tonsils: two palatine, two thoracic, and one each nasopharyngeal and lingual.

The largest of them are the palatine tonsils, or tonsils, which can be easily examined independently in the mirror if you open your mouth wide enough (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Palatine tonsils

The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ (Fig. 4). In addition, it can accumulate some blood. In emergency situations, the spleen is able to send its reserves into the general bloodstream. This allows you to improve the quality and speed of the body's immune reactions. The spleen cleanses the blood of bacteria and processes all kinds of harmful substances. It completely destroys endotoxins, as well as the remains of dead cells from burns, injuries or other tissue damage. In people who are left without a spleen for any reason, their immunity deteriorates.

Rice. 4. Spleen

Lymph nodes are small round-shaped formations (Fig. 5), located in the chest cavity (bronchopulmonary, bronchotracheal) and abdominal cavity (Peyer's patches, appendix and others), perithoracic on the surface of the chest, on the neck and on the limbs. The lymph node is one of the barriers to infections and cancer cells, playing the role of a kind of customs (Fig. 5). It produces lymphocytes - special cells that take an active part in the destruction of harmful substances.

Rice. 5. Lymph node

The central organs of the immune system are responsible for the formation and maturation of cells, and the peripheral organs provide protection, that is, the immune response. The peripheral and central organs of the immune system perform their work only together, and if any one of these organs fails, the body will lose its protective barrier.

Components of the immune system

Modern immunology distinguishes between two interacting components of the immune system - innate and acquired types of immunity , which ensure the development of an immune response to genetically foreign substances (entities).

Innate (species) immunity is a hereditarily fixed system of protecting the human body from pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms, as well as products of tissue decay. Innate immune cells recognize pathogens by molecular markers specific to them—the so-called “pathogenicity patterns.” These markers do not allow one to accurately determine whether a pathogen belongs to one species or another, but only signal that the immune system has encountered troublemakers: a stranger or one’s own, but who has become a traitor to the body (Fig. 6).

Fig.6. Innate immunity: the main thing is calm!

Innate immunity at the cellular level is represented by:

• monocytes are the precursors of macrophages (cells that devour foreign particles). They are formed in the bone marrow, then enter the blood, but quickly leave it, turning into tissue macrophages and dendritic cells (Fig. 7);

Fig.7. Monocyte

• macrophages and dendritic cells are located in the skin and mucous membranes. They have mobility and are transported through the blood and lymph. They absorb (phagocytose) the pathogen, and within themselves, using the contents of the vacuoles, dissolve it. Dendritic cells branch like a tree. Thanks to the antenna branches, they work as communicators between the innate and acquired types of immunity (Fig. 8);

Fig.8. dendritic cell and

and macrophage

• blood cells containing granules (granulocytes) in the cytoplasm: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils (Fig. 9);

Fig.9. Granulocytes

Neutrophils are the most numerous immune cells in human blood. They circulate in the blood for only 8-10 hours and spend most of their lives traveling through body tissues. When they encounter a pathogen, they capture it and digest it, after which they usually die themselves. Granules containing antibiotic substances are released from the destroyed neutrophils.

Granules of eosinophils and basophils provide chemical defense of the body against large pathogens, for example, parasitic worms, fungi, and extracellular bacteria. However, with excessive activity they can also participate in the development of an allergic reaction;

• natural killer cells or NK cells (English Natural killer cells, NK cells) are a type of cytotoxic lymphocytes involved in the functioning of innate immunity. They destroy cells infected with bacteria and viruses, as well as tumor cells, at high speed.

Fig. 10. Natural killer

Natural killers act with the help of aggressive substances perforin and granzyme, which, like gimlets, “bite” and destroy the affected cell that has become their target (Fig. 11)

Fig. 11. Penetration of perforin and granzyme into a cancer cell and its destruction

The molecular (humoral) factors of innate immunity are (Fig. 12):

• proteins that bind metal ions (iron, zinc) necessary for the life and reproduction of pathogens - lactoferrin, calprotectin, membrane protein and others;
• enzymes that generate oxidizing agents - oxygen and nitric oxide:
• enzymes capable of breaking down the cell membrane of pathogens - lysozyme, chitinase, phospholipase A2;
• proteins and peptides that violate the integrity of the cell membrane of a microorganism - complement, eosinophilic protein, defensins and others.

Fig. 12. Humoral factors of innate immunity

The complement system is a multicomponent, self-assembled system of more than 20 serum proteins that are normally inactive.

After activation, the biological effects of complement appear: the formation of a membrane attack complex for the lysis of pathogens, the release of inflammatory mediators to attract phagocytes and enhance their absorption capacity.

Cytokines are a system of low molecular weight proteins of the body, synthesized mainly by active cells of the immune and hematopoietic systems, regulating intercellular interactions (a “universal” language for all cells), presented in Fig. 13 and 14.

Rice. 13. Cytokines: IL – interleukins, of which there are currently 34 varieties;

Rice. 14. Multidirectional action of cytokines using the example of interferon gamma

As a result of activation of humoral and cellular factors of innate immunity, a basic reaction of infectious inflammation is formed within several hours after the introduction of a pathogen into the internal environment of the body (Fig. 15)

Rice. 15. Infectious inflammation of tissue at the site of foreign body insertion for the purpose of its removal

Acquired immunity (or adaptive – from the French adapter “ to adapt ” ) is formed individually during life under the influence of antigenic stimulation and, in turn, is divided into natural and artificial (Fig. 16).

Fig. 16. Adaptive

immunity

Natural immunity is formed when encountering a pathogen, as a result of which protective immune factors are produced in the body (active natural immunity), or they come ready-made from maternal orgasm during fetal development or during breastfeeding (passive natural immunity).

Artificial immunity is created by administering vaccines or toxoids that stimulate the production of antibodies against specific pathogens or their poisons. At the same time, for preventive purposes, the process of the patient’s immune system’s reaction to the pathogen is reproduced, but in an asymptomatic or mild clinical form, while maintaining their protective immune power for several months, years, or even for life (artificial active immunity). When it is necessary to quickly and for a short time protect a patient from the real risk of encountering a pathogen during an epidemic or neutralize a pathogen that has already entered his body, immunoglobulins (antibodies) are used both in purified form and in dosed volumes of plasma or serum obtained from the blood of a donor ( person or animal). The use of ready-made antibodies forms passive artificial immunity that lasts 2-3 weeks.

Adaptive immunity is based on three main processes:

• recognition of antigens (usually foreign to the body) using receptors;
• removal (elimination) of recognized foreign agents (Fig. 17);
• the formation of an immunological memory of contact with an antigen, allowing for faster and more efficient removal of this antigen when it is recognized again.

Fig. 17. Options for the response of the immune system to organ or tissue transplantation, the occurrence of malignant neoplasms and infections

The immunocompetent cells of adaptive immunity are lymphocytes that live in the human body from several months to several years. According to their functions, cells are divided into T-lymphocytes - 80% and B-lymphocytes - 20%.

The fact that the T lymphocyte recognizes only foreign antigens, and not molecules from its own body, is a consequence of a process called selection, which occurs in the thymus, where T cells complete their development. The essence of selection is this: the cells surrounding the young, or naive, lymphocyte show (present) to it the peptides of their own proteins. The lymphocyte that recognizes these protein fragments too well or too poorly is destroyed. The surviving cells (and this is less than 1% of all T-lymphocyte precursors that came to the thymus) have an intermediate affinity for the antigen, therefore, they, as a rule, do not consider their own cells to be targets for attack, but have the ability to react to a suitable foreign peptide.

To activate a T-lymphocyte, it needs to receive special signals from the receptors of the leukocyte antigen system and a cocktail of many pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Using special reagents, markers of surface proteins of leukocytes of a certain type are determined, which are called clusters of differentiation (CD). Currently, 350 CD antigens and their subtypes are known (Table 1).

Table 1. Main identification CD markers of cells

T lymphocytes recognize cells carrying foreign antigens and destroy them after direct contact (attack), and also perform the function of regulating the immune response.

T lymphocytes have subtypes (Fig. 18):

Rice. 18. Subtypes of T-lymphocytes and their functions

• Killer T cells (also called CD8+ T lymphocytes), which, like an NK cell (natural killer), secrete the proteins perforin and granzyme, which leads to lysis of the target cell;

• T-helpers (from English helper - assistant). They are also referred to as Th cells, CD4+ T lymphocytes. Activated T helper cells produce chemokines and cytokines involved in the immune process (Fig. 19);

Rice. 19. Activation of different subpopulations of T-helper cells by cytokines

• Suppressor T cells (Ts) inhibit (suppress) B cell responses and block helper T cells. Moreover, these cells do not sabotage immune processes and do not harm health. They simply regulate the strength of the immune response, which allows the immune system to respond to stimuli with restraint and with moderate force (putting out a fire, not a fire);

• T-regulatory cells (Tr1) influence the formation of granular leukocytes (granulocytes), which we have already introduced as macrophages.

The ratio of CD4/CD8 cells is called the immunoregulatory index (IRI). If the patient’s IRI is increased (more than 2.2), this indicates excessive activity of T-helper cells and a weakening of the regulatory function of T-killer cells. At this rate, immune cells can destroy the body’s own tissues. Increased IRI is most often observed in patients with autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.). The cause of excessive activity of T-helper cells can also be a tumor of the thymus gland. With this pathology, an excessive number of lymphocytes are produced. High rates of IRI are observed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This severe oncological disease is accompanied by an uncontrolled increase in the number of immature lymphocytes.

If the immunoregulatory index is reduced (less than 1.6), then this indicates a serious deterioration in the functioning of the immune system. Low levels of IRI indicate that the function of protective cells in the body is weakened, and regulation by T-killers is excessive. This is usually observed in the following pathologies accompanied by immunodeficiency: infectious diseases (including HIV infection); congenital immunodeficiency; any protracted and chronic diseases; bone marrow tumors.

B lymphocytes are responsible for the humoral component of immunity - the production of antibodies. After an antigenic stimulus, the B lymphocyte turns into a lymphoblast, a cell capable of dividing. Some lymphoblasts differentiate into memory B lymphocytes, the other part turns into plasma cells that produce antibodies.

B lymphocytes carry the B cell receptor on their surface. Upon contact with an antigen, these cells are activated and turn into a special cell subtype - plasma cells , which live up to three weeks and have the unique ability to secrete thousands of antibodies .

The antibody has an affinity for the antigen it recognizes and, as it were, “sticks” to it. This allows antibodies to envelop (opsonize) cells and viral particles coated with antigen molecules, attracting macrophages and other immune cells to destroy the pathogen. Antibodies are also able to activate a special cascade of immunological reactions called the complement system, which leads to perforation of the pathogen’s cell membrane and its death.

Rice. 20. Antibody production and pathogen marking

There are several classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins). The first to appear after antigenic irritation, causing agglutination of bacteria and neutralization of viruses, are immunoglobulins M (IgM). Immunoglobulins G (IgG) are involved in long-term immunity.

Table 2 provides an interpretation of laboratory tests for the presence of a pathogen at the molecular level and using tests for immunoglobulins M and G.

Table 2. Interpretation of laboratory tests for the presence of a pathogen at the molecular level

Innate and acquired types of immunity have points of contact, which represent two triads (Fig. 21)

Rice. 21. Two triads combining innate and acquired types of immunity

The development of an adaptive immune response takes quite a long time (from several days to two weeks), and in order for the body to defend itself against an already familiar infection faster, so-called memory cells . They, like veterans, are present in the body in small quantities, and if a pathogen familiar to them appears, they are reactivated, quickly divide and come out as an entire army to defend the borders (Fig. 22).

Fig.22. Memory T cells quickly form a secondary immune response

Immunological tolerance

Immunological tolerance (tolerance, arereactivity) is understood as the absence of an immune response to a specific antigen. The list of antigens to which tolerance can develop is practically indistinguishable from the set of antigens against which a specific immune response develops (Fig. 23).

Rice. 23. Immune tolerance

Tolerance mechanisms are necessary because the immune system produces a huge variety of antigen-specific receptors, and some of them are specific to the body's own antigens; Tolerance prevents unwanted reactions against one’s own organs and tissues, also for the normal course of pregnancy.

Immune system disorders in humans

Immune system disorders can be divided into three categories: immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and hypersensitivity reactions.

Immunodeficiencies

Immunodeficiency is a decrease in the quantitative indicators and/or functional activity of the main components of the immune system, leading to a disruption of the body’s defense against pathogenic microorganisms and manifested by an increased incidence of infectious diseases.

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are hereditary diseases caused by defects in genes that control the immune response. In general, PIDs manifest themselves already in early childhood, but sometimes only by the age of 30-40.

• symptoms that may be signs of primary immunodeficiencies:
• 4 or more cases of otitis during the year;
• 2 or more sinusitis during the year;
• low effectiveness of antibiotics for two or more months of use;
• 2 or more cases of pneumonia during the year;
• the child’s inability to gain weight and grow normally;
• frequent and deep abscesses of the skin and internal organs
• constant candidiasis of the oral cavity and skin;
• the need for intravenous antibiotics to resolve the infection;
• two or more systemic infections, including sepsis;
• hereditary predisposition.

According to development mechanisms, there are 4 main groups of PIDs (Table 3):

• Group 1 – predominantly humoral or B-cell PIDs;
• Group 2 – combined PID (all T-cell immunodeficiencies have impaired B-cell function);
• Group 3 – PID caused by defects in phagocytosis;
• Group 4 – PID caused by defects in the complement system.

Table 3. Some primary immunodeficiencies

As follows from Table 3, the main and often the only treatment method for most patients with primary B-cell immunodeficiencies are immunoglobulins. These are medicines obtained from human blood plasma. They are designed to replace protective antibodies missing in the immune system in order to prevent or stop the development of severe infectious diseases. Today, a doctor’s arsenal includes immunoglobulins that differ in the concentration of the active substance (5 and 10%), as well as in the method of administration (intravenous and subcutaneous).

PID can appear at any age. Depending on this, the patient has unique problems that require certain types of support throughout his life (Table 4).

Table 4. Need for types of support for patients with PID in different age groups

Between the ages of 0 and 14 years, parental care is required to prevent infections and during the treatment period. May require: home training; providing psychological assistance; social support in purchasing medicines.

In adolescence (14-18 years), additional needs may arise for continued continuous education, vocational guidance, establishing relationships with peers, and organizing leisure time.

At the age of 18 to 65 years, patients more often experience infectious complications, and with them the costs of purchasing medications that are not subject to replenishment, as well as problems with employment.

In old age (over 65 years), there are needs for material, social and psychological support for a patient with PID.

Autoimmune pathology

Damage to the body's own organs and tissues by the immune system is called an autoimmune process . About 5% of humanity suffers from diseases of this type. The patient’s body develops hostilities reminiscent of a civil war: “friends against friends” go on the attack. There are no winners in this struggle - only suffering.

The selection of T lymphocytes in the thymus, as well as the removal of autoreactive cells in the periphery (central and peripheral immunological tolerance), which we discussed earlier, cannot completely rid the body of autoreactive T lymphocytes. As for B lymphocytes, the question of how strictly their selection is carried out still remains open. Therefore, in the body of every person there are necessarily many autoreactive lymphocytes, which, if an autoimmune reaction develops, can damage their own organs and tissues.

As an analogue, we can cite the Janissary infantry created by the Turks in the 14th century, which recruited Christian youths aged 8-16 who fought against their relatives.

T-cell autoimmune aggression has been well studied in rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and many other diseases.

The same Janissary cells, which do not remember their kinship, can be traced among B-lymphocytes:

• autoantibodies can cause cell death by activating the complement system on their surface or attracting macrophages;
• Receptors on the cell surface can become targets for antibodies.

For example, due to a breakdown of immunological tolerance, B-lymphocytes that produce antibodies are activated. This leads to a marked increase in the production of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3), as well as an increase in the size of the thyroid gland (hypertrophy). The pathology is called Graves' disease.

Another example would be myasthenia gravis, which is characterized by skeletal muscle weakness due to the formation of autoantibodies against structures responsible for cholinergic transmission and muscle fiber contraction;

• autoantibodies, together with soluble antigens, can form immune complexes that settle in various organs and tissues (for example, in the renal glomeruli, joints, on the vascular endothelium), disrupting their function and causing inflammatory processes.

Typically, an autoimmune disease occurs suddenly, and it is impossible to determine exactly what caused it. It is believed that almost any stressful situation can serve as a trigger, be it an infection, injury or hypothermia. A significant contribution to the likelihood of an autoimmune disease is made by both a person’s lifestyle and genetic predisposition - the presence of a certain variant of a gene.

Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity refers to an excessive immune response to an antigen. Hypersensitivity reactions are divided into several types depending on their duration and the mechanisms underlying them:

• Type I hypersensitivity involves immediate anaphylactic reactions, often associated with allergies. This type of reaction can range from mild discomfort to death. The basis of type I hypersensitivity is immunoglobulin E (IgE), which causes degranulation of basophils and mast cells;
• Type II hypersensitivity is characterized by the presence of antibodies that recognize its own proteins and mark the cells that express them for destruction. Type II hypersensitivity is also called antibody-dependent or cytotoxic hypersensitivity and is based on immunoglobulins G (IgG) and (IgM);
• type III hypersensitivity is caused by immune complexes consisting of antigens, complement proteins, IgG and IgM;
• Type IV hypersensitivity, also known as delayed hypersensitivity, develops over 2-3 days. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are observed in many autoimmune and infectious diseases and are based on T cells, monocytes and macrophages.

Effective methods of influencing the immune system:

• Regular vaccination in terms of speed and quality of reaction exceeds the natural process of developing immunity to a specific infection;
• a balanced diet that ensures the maintenance of normal metabolism;
• regular physical activity ensuring the physiological functioning of all body systems and maintaining optimal body weight;
• giving up bad habits that lead to addiction (alcohol, nicotine, drugs, toxic, computer);
• daily routine, especially the influence of circadian rhythms (day and night): during wakefulness, the number of T-killer and NK cells peaks, as well as the concentration of anti-inflammatory substances such as cortisol and catecholamines; During sleep, the formation of memory T cells reaches its peak.

Speculative methods around immunity:

• taking immunostimulants is not clinically justified. If you constantly stimulate the production of leukocytes with drugs, the immune system will begin to lose its direct functions. This is when the moment of serious problems with immunity begins. Natural adaptogens do not affect the immune system at all: Schisandra chinensis, ginseng, eleutherococcus, radiola rosea. They act as amplifiers of RNA and protein synthesis (the basis of human cells), activate metabolic enzymes and the work of the endocrine and vegetative systems;
• Taking vitamins is clearly overrated. Vitamin D has a positive effect on the immune system, which stimulates the formation of T-killer cells. All other groups of vitamins do not directly participate in the functioning of the immune system;
• bath procedures and sauna do not affect the immune system;
• folk remedies such as honey and garlic have a mild bactericidal but not immunogenic effect.

Conclusion

The immune system is represented by three levels: organ, cellular and molecular with complex interactions between them.

Modern immunology distinguishes two interacting components of the immune system - innate and acquired (adaptive) types of immunity, which ensure the development of an immune response to genetically foreign substances, which are microorganisms, malignant tumor cells, transplanted organs and tissues.

Adaptive immunity is based on three main processes: recognition of antigens, their removal (elimination) and the formation of immunological memory.

Failures in the structure of the immune system lead to the development of immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases or hypersensitivity reactions.

Immunodeficiency at the genetic level (primary) or acquired (secondary) can appear at any age and lead to increased infectious morbidity. In recent years, replacement therapy has become available to prolong the lives of these patients. To improve their quality of life, it is necessary not only to provide expensive treatment, but also to organize support from family, psychologists and social institutions.

Autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity are the body’s inability to resist a raging immune system that has confused its own and someone else’s.

Unfortunately, medicine has not yet learned to cure any of the diseases of the immune system, but only to use replacement therapy.

Effective preventive methods of influencing the immune system are vaccination and a healthy lifestyle. No one has yet been able to buy immunity at the pharmacy.

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